tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38068871569723285062024-03-14T07:00:28.368+01:00African Re-greening InitiativesChris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-90980738446454525362014-11-04T09:06:00.000+01:002014-11-04T09:18:10.776+01:00Forest restoration and agroforestry in Ethiopia; Activities of the Web Alliance for Re-greening in the Sahel - ARI Update 2 - 2014<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is not a natural forest, but a dense and
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Southern Ethiopia close to the town of Dilla. </span></i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This update
is mainly about forest restoration and agroforestry in Ethiopia and about the
activities of the W4RA, <a href="http://w4ra.org/" target="_blank">Web Alliance for Re-greening</a> in the Sahel </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Let’s start this update with some good news </span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">On September 23 the UN Climate Summit was held
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Declaration on Forests</b>. This <a href="http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/10/restoration-pledges-ny-declaration-forests-where-are-opportunities;%20http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/09/un-climate-summit-puts-forests-front-and-center-%E2%80%93-will-it-matter" target="_blank">declaration</a> contains <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a pledge to restore 350 million hectares of deforested and degraded
landscapes by 2030.</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">This represents
an enormous commitment by political leaders, which indicates that restoring
degraded forests is getting higher on the international policy agenda, which is
positive.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">However, it
is unlikely that by 2030 such a vast area of land can be restored if stakeholders
rely on conventional approaches , which is planting trees. This target may well be achieved, however if
all stakeholders are mobilized in a movement that shifts the accent to the protection and
management of trees and bushes, which regenerate spontaneously on-farm
(agroforestry systems) as well as off-farm (restoration of degraded
forests). While there may be a need for reforestation
in some instances, externally funded and government managed tree planting schemes
are too costly to be used to restore 350 million hectares. In addition to the
costs of establishing nurseries, producing and transporting tree seedlings, preparing
sites and organizing labor for planting, it can be very costly to protect and
ensure the survival of young seedlings. The cost of planting trees and
establishing tree plantations usually exceeds 1000 $/ha and it can be as high
as 6000 $/ha. Despite the high costs,
this approach to restoration through reforestation in
semi-arid and sub-humid regions often has high mortality rates (80 percent or
more).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">The
Economist of 23 August had an interesting short article about the Great Green
Wall in China. It mentions that in Ningxia, in northwest China, a pest wiped
out 1 billion poplar trees in 2000, which represented two decades of tree
planting efforts.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">As often
mentioned in previous re-greening updates, farmers across the Sahel have shown
the way forward by successfully protecting and managing on-farm trees and in
some regions they have done so at scale. The most striking example is found in
Niger where farmers have created new agroforestry systems on 5 million
hectares. This has been done by farmers. The external investment costs have
been low. The external funding for promoting re-greening by farmers in Niger has
not exceeded 100 million US $, which means that average external investment costs
per hectare were 20 US $ or less. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Survival
rates of trees regenerating naturally tend to be high, because the trees are
protected by farmers and their communities. They do so because they perceive
ownership of the trees and have been empowered to manage the trees and other
natural resources through the effective devolution of resource rights to the
local level. And we are gradually
becoming more aware of the benefits, which can be very substantial. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Good news from Brazil</span></b></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">World
Resources Institute (WRI Brazil), the International Union for the Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) and several other partners are jointly organizing a workshop
on low cost restoration methods. This workshop will be held in Rio de Janeiro
from 19 – 21 November. Brazil has been
very successful in slowing down the rate of deforestation, but until now it has
been less successful in restoring degraded land at scale. One of the impacts of
this workshop may be that the protection and management of natural regeneration
will get more prominently on the radar of national policymakers and restoration
stakeholders. The re-greening experience in the Sahel and in Ethiopia will be
presented at this workshop. It is especially important to move ahead quickly
with low cost restoration in the Brazilian Amazon, as the deforestation is now perceived
to be contributing to significant water shortages in major urban areas like São
Paolo in Brazil. <a href="http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL6N0SI6G020141024?sp=true" target="_blank">More info...</a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Agroforestry and forest restoration in Ethiopia</span></b></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In July I
had an opportunity to make a field visit in Ethiopia and decided to visit the
famous Humbo forest as well as the agroforestry systems in Southern Ethiopia
close to the town of Dilla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The picture
below is taken in Humbo in July 2014 (Plate 2).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The mountain is completely covered by trees and bushes, but when the
project began in 2007, an area of 2700 ha was almost bare. The process of
natural regeneration has occurred at stunning speed. The link below provides
more information about the Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration activities of
World Vision Australia in different parts of the world. It provides background
information as well as more pictures about the Humbo project in Ethiopia, which
is a joint project of World Vision Ethiopia, the Federal republic of Ethiopia
and the Biocarbon fund of the World Bank. Using the <a href="http://fmnrhub.com.au/" target="_blank">link</a> you can also find more
information about the nearby Soddo project. Plate 3 shows a picture of the
mountain top at Soddo, which is covered by trees. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-69--TKKE8zM/VFh_M7qm1KI/AAAAAAAAAV0/7Qiwr4sJYRc/s1600/October2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-69--TKKE8zM/VFh_M7qm1KI/AAAAAAAAAV0/7Qiwr4sJYRc/s1600/October2.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plate 2 A mountain top in Humbo<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is completely covered by trees<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Agroforestry between Dilla and Bule</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The town of
Awassa is about 270 km South of the capital Addis Ababa. It’s another 90 km
southwards from Awassa to the small town of Dilla. Almost all the land between
Awassa and Dilla is covered by agroforestry systems as far as the eye can see.
From Dilla it’s possible to take a narrow winding road up the mountain to Bule,
which is situated at an altitude of about 2800 m.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plate 4 shows agroforestry systems between
Dilla and Bule. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is hard to imagine
that this is not a natural forest, but an agroforestry system. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This area
is referred to as Gedeo and it is famous for its complex agroforestry systems
with false banana (enset) and coffee as two important species. At higher
altitudes bamboo becomes more important (plate 5).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Gedeo agroforestry landscape may become a
World Heritage site. Population densities in the Gedeo are said to be up to 1400
people/km². Where densities are highest, maize and other annual crops disappear
and only perennials are cultivated. I had the privilege to visit the Gedeo landscape
in the company of Dr. Getachew Mulugeta, an agroforestry specialist of the Southern
Agricultural Research institute (SARI), who has detailed knowledge of this area
and shares it with infectious enthusiasm .</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Innovative Community-based ICT for BUILDING AGROFORESTRY VALUE
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> invitation of Réseau MARP (Burkina
Faso), Sahel Eco (Mali), and CARE Niger, the Web Alliance for Re-greening in
Africa (W4RA) team from VU University Amsterdam, did a new round of creative <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agile</i> workshops in Burkina Faso and Mali.
The objective of these workshops is to co-create innovative communication
systems to improve agro-forestry value chains to increase the incomes of local
farmers and improve well-being of local communities. </span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">These
activities are part of a project funded by the Netherlands development
cooperation (DGIS) and implemented by the World Agroforestry Center “Program
for Food and Water in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa”, The workshops took
place from 19 July to 1 August<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2014.</span></span></span></div>
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></h1>
<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lGDHMG0Xy6c/VFh_NlmNDsI/AAAAAAAAAVU/PhB9xU1FEJo/s1600/October6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lGDHMG0Xy6c/VFh_NlmNDsI/AAAAAAAAAVU/PhB9xU1FEJo/s1600/October6.jpg" height="203" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Plate 6 A picture of one of a creative W4RA
session </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">in the office of Réseau MARP </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Web
Alliance for Regreening in Africa is an initiative of <a href="http://www.networkinstitute.org/" target="_blank">VU University Amsterdam</a></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3806887156972328506#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, Sahel Eco, <a href="http://reseaumarpbf.org/" target="_blank">Réseau MARP</a>, <a href="http://www.sbc4d.com/" target="_blank">SBC4D</a>,
<a href="http://www.2coolmonkeys.com/" target="_blank">2CoolMonkeys</a>, and several other partners</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3806887156972328506#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> in support of knowledge sharing for
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agile</i> “Workshop</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">-based” approach uses a collaborative,
iterative and adaptive methodology to co-create ICT systems, which are tailored
to a specific rural context by a mixed team of local development specialists,
radio journalists, rural producers and a team of ICT specialists. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In
Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso, a two-day session was organized with five local radio
stations. The radio journalists helped to compose, translate and record spoken
text in local Moré language. These voice fragments are used for the development
of voice-based market information systems, which allow farmers to broadcast
their product offerings on the local radio. The name of this new information
system will be “Raas Kibaya”, which means “market information” in Moré. The
name and the functionality of the system was a result of the co-creation
sessions. After the
workshops the W4RA team met two farmers-innovators in their fields: Ousseini
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uJa9-8tzwjU/VFh_N2BtodI/AAAAAAAAAVc/Vp3g9AjUaoc/s1600/October7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uJa9-8tzwjU/VFh_N2BtodI/AAAAAAAAAVc/Vp3g9AjUaoc/s1600/October7.jpg" height="236" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Plate 7 Visit to the fields of Ousséni Kindo.
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ousséni Kindo, Julien Ouedraogo (Réseau MARP), Wendelien
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">(University of Development
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In Mali,
another W4RA workshop was held in Ségou jointly with Sahel Eco and other Malian
partners from the DGIS project. All participants discussed information needs,
and decided jointly that a voice-based market information system was their
highest priority at this moment. Their choice was influenced by the experiences
of Sahel Eco and W4RA with the Radio Marché market information system, designed
and built for farmers in the Tominian area. This system has helped increase the
sales of honey and shea butter for a group of farmers in 19 villages around
Tominian. Amadou Tangara, value-chain expert from Sahel Eco presented a plan
for development of value chains in rural areas. He explained the different
stages and approach, and pointed to the importance of adaptive ICT systems such
as Radio Marché in the process of developing value chains.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-THXo7DM10Q4/VFh_OKwv64I/AAAAAAAAAVk/n9fundwyTpU/s1600/October8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-THXo7DM10Q4/VFh_OKwv64I/AAAAAAAAAVk/n9fundwyTpU/s1600/October8.png" /></a></td></tr>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 110%;">T</span><span lang="EN-US">he experience with
Radio Marché, which was built, tested and implemented in Mali <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>since 2011 can and will be used to build
similar systems, adapted to the local<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>conditions (language, market situation, products, etc) in other
countries. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US">Raed more publications about the <a href="http://w4ra.org/publications/" target="_blank">work of W4RA</a>...</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Plate 8 Team from Sahel Eco and </span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">W4RA in Ségou (July 2014)</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For more
information about the <a href="http://mvoices.eu/" target="_blank">VOICES</a> and <a href="http://w4ra.org/" target="_blank">W4RA</a> projects (see also <a href="http://africa-regreening.blogspot.nl/2013/11/new-forms-of-communication-for-scaling.html" target="_blank">ARI update</a> 2013 no. 4), you can contact: <a href="mailto:a.bon@vu.nl" target="_blank">Anna Bon</a> </span><a href="mailto:a.bon@vu.nl"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">or <a href="mailto:%20w.tuijp@vu.nl" target="_blank">Wendelien Tuijp</a></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Useful
links to monitor are:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.fmnrhub.com.au/" target="_blank">World VisionAustralia</a>. It’s a great website which keeps you up-to-date about the
re-greening work of Tony Rinaudo and his team.</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.icraf.org/" target="_blank">World AgroforestryCenter</a> in Nairobi that most readers will know. It is a very useful source of
information. </span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://evergreenagriculture.net/" target="_blank">EverGreen Agriculture Partnership</a> which is an
alliance of organizations and governments, united by a common goal of
agricultural landscapes with trees integrated into cropping and grazing land as
a method of increasing productivity and resilience, environmental
sustainability and food security. </span></span></div>
<br />
<br />Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com59tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-21448898650080303332014-04-10T10:56:00.000+02:002014-04-10T11:19:48.628+02:00Regreening in Tigray, Ethiopia - ARI Update 1 - 2014<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kI3fwOmCYCY/U0ZcptrVpmI/AAAAAAAAAT0/RJ5MW1fcKqc/s1600/Picture1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kI3fwOmCYCY/U0ZcptrVpmI/AAAAAAAAAT0/RJ5MW1fcKqc/s1600/Picture1.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Picture 1 An
agroforestry parkland in Tigray on the road between Abr’ha Weatsbeha and
Hawzen. It is dominated by a mix of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Faidherbia
albida</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acacia nilotica</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This re-greening update has a focus on the
Tigray Region in northern Ethiopia. I had the pleasure to re-visit the Region after
an absence of four years. It allowed me to look with a fresh mind at what has
been achieved in Tigray in restoring degraded land to production. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many people outside Ethiopia somehow continue
to associate Ethiopia in general and possibly Tigray in particular, with the
shocking pictures which were made in a famine relief camp in Korem in 1984/85.
These pictures<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>triggered Bob Geldof into
organizing his Live Aid concerts for Ethiopia in July 1985.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If one would now ask someone in Europe or the
USA how he or she perceives Ethiopia, there’s a fair chance that the answer
will be something like “a poor country where many people are starving”. It is
true that life for many smallholder farmers continues to be precarious, but it
is also true that Ethiopia is an economic tiger with high growth rates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ethiopia has invested significantly in
restoring degraded lands to production and Tigray has set an example.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
restoration/re-greening achievements of Tigray (Ethiopia)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Let me start with presenting some conclusions
and then show some images.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The scale of restoration of
degraded land in Tigray is unique in Africa and possibly even unmatched by
anything achieved elsewhere in the world. I’ve visited 27 countries in Africa
and several on other continents, but I’ve never seen recent restoration at the
scale at which this has been done in Tigray.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To put it in other words….the people of Tigray may have moved more earth
and stone during the last 20 years to reshape the surface of their land than
the Egyptians during thousands of years to build the pyramids.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the early 1990s every able-bodied villager
in Tigray had to contribute three months of voluntary labor to dig infiltration
pits or to construct terraces, bunds and other conservation works. This was
reduced later to 40 days/year and currently it is 20 days/year.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The large-scale restoration on China’s Loess Plateau is a well-known
success story. However, the Loess Plateau has deep and very fertile soils,
which are relatively easy to shape.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
conditions for restoration in Tigray are much more difficult than on the Loess
Plateau. In particular on the steep slopes, the soils are often shallow and
poor in fertility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This puts what Tigray
has achieved in a different perspective.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The scale of restoration activities is not well known. There are
estimates, but they are probably overlapping for different techniques.
Nevertheless, about 80% of all cultivated land in East and Central Tigray is
treated with one or more soil and water conservation techniques.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several hundred thousand hectares are under so-called
exclosures. These are degraded areas in which no cutting and grazing is
permitted. This allows the natural regeneration of vegetation. Besides this tens
of thousands of kilometers of rock bunds and terraces have been constructed
along (often on steep) slopes. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The policy of the Government of Ethiopia is to plant 100 million <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Faidherbia albida</i> trees to improve soil
fertility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In several parts of Tigray, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Faidherbia albida</i> is found on cultivated
land and in some places it is regenerating. Considering the rainfall, soils,
land use and other characteristics of the landscapes in Tigray, this Region
alone may be able to add 100 million <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Faidherbia</i>
trees through the protection and management of natural regeneration of this
species. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Because rainfall now infiltrates on the slopes, groundwater in the
valleys is recharged. Hundreds of shallow wells have been dug, which allow farm
families to irrigate vegetables during the dry season and to grow fruit trees.
This means that if crops fail due to bad rainfall, a growing number of families
can fall back on irrigation during the dry season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This option did not exist before they began
to conserve soil and water. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Because of the large-scale investments by local communities and their
development partners<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in restoration of
degraded land, many smallholder farm families are now more food secure than
they used to be.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>All the investments in landscape restoration have helped farmers adapt
to climate change. They are better able to cope with extreme weather conditions
than was the case in the past.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Much has been achieved, but is everything perfect? The answer is
simple…no, it is not. The vegetation which regenerates in area closures is
protected, but not sustainably managed and exploited by the village communities.
It seems that protection still prevails, even though most policy makers are
aware of the need to increase benefits for communities. If natural regeneration
would be thinned and pruned, the environmental and economic benefits local communities
would increase. This is vital for the longer-term sustainability of what has
been achieved during the last 20 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">►</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Further improving the Tigray model of restoration of important, because
another key target of the Government of Ethiopia is to restore 15 million ha of
degraded land in the country. This is a hugely ambitious target, which will not
be easy to achieve. It will require more knowledge of restoration practices in
other Regions of Ethiopia. What works where and why and what is the potential
for scaling these practices? It will also require significant capacity building
as well as additional funding. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Some images <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>illustrating restoration achievements in
Tigray</span></b></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mark Dodd, UK documentary maker, (known for the
production of “The man who stopped the desert”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><a href="http://www.1080films.co.uk/project-mwsd.htm">http://www.1080films.co.uk/project-mwsd.htm</a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>) joined the visit to Tigray to explore
opportunities for making a documentary about the transformation of environment
and livelihoods during the last 20 years. Below you’ll find a link to a 90
second trailer, which he put on you tube within<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>48 hours upon his return in the UK.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I know the region, joined the filming and was surprised and moved by
this trailer.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/7NU5j-wCdPg" width="560"></iframe>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dBr6l39RVPY/U0ZcsRHLUsI/AAAAAAAAAUE/oh_aQB_E2Qo/s1600/Picture2.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dBr6l39RVPY/U0ZcsRHLUsI/AAAAAAAAAUE/oh_aQB_E2Qo/s1600/Picture2.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Picture 2 shows the road between Wukro and
Abr’ha Weatsbaha.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This land was barren
about 15 years ago. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yEDDCinegPg/U0Zcsg3vNqI/AAAAAAAAAT8/g8Oc679w0dA/s1600/Picture3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yEDDCinegPg/U0Zcsg3vNqI/AAAAAAAAAT8/g8Oc679w0dA/s1600/Picture3.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Picture 3 shows a mountain region just outside Adwa
on the road to Adigrat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s not clearly
visible on this picture, but infiltration pits have been dug systematically along
the contours on the steep slopes. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OKxQTqR-_sw/U0ZcseZ96KI/AAAAAAAAAUA/NWSraXoLvto/s1600/Picture4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OKxQTqR-_sw/U0ZcseZ96KI/AAAAAAAAAUA/NWSraXoLvto/s1600/Picture4.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Picture 4
is a typical image taken in the area between Hawzen and Zongi.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lrQQDfHz54M/U0ZctKSBxDI/AAAAAAAAAUs/RY7dNWA3hGI/s1600/Picture5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-lrQQDfHz54M/U0ZctKSBxDI/AAAAAAAAAUs/RY7dNWA3hGI/s1600/Picture5.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Picture 5 is taken in Mugulat on the
road between Adwa and Hawzen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It shows
terracing constructed on less steep slopes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It does not show well the re-greening of the slopes in the distance and
the fact that we are standing with our back to a significant stand of young
Juniper trees.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jk6mnpUGDik/U0ZctK0_GoI/AAAAAAAAAUU/SqZ2ysIkkPY/s1600/Picture6.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jk6mnpUGDik/U0ZctK0_GoI/AAAAAAAAAUU/SqZ2ysIkkPY/s1600/Picture6.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Picture 6
shows a valley with dry season cultivation of maize.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Look at the re-vegetated slopes. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CudQChi3-hY/U0ZctVLAcEI/AAAAAAAAAUY/DCNyIgqDmAg/s1600/Picture7.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CudQChi3-hY/U0ZctVLAcEI/AAAAAAAAAUY/DCNyIgqDmAg/s1600/Picture7.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Picture 7
below shows in more detail that conservation works have been constructed on all
slopes. </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qIjlnZ7AgH4/U0ZcuGMg_FI/AAAAAAAAAUc/0gqoFSOIPY0/s1600/Picture8.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qIjlnZ7AgH4/U0ZcuGMg_FI/AAAAAAAAAUc/0gqoFSOIPY0/s1600/Picture8.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Picture 8
shows that farmers prune <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acacia etbaica</i>
on their cultivated fields. This species dominates natural regeneration in area
closures where it is not managed and usually develops into a low bush.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The 90
second trailer and the 8 pictures reveal just some of the Tigray experience
with restoration of degraded land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What
has been achieved in Tigray during the last 20 years is an under-reported
success story that should be shared with a wider audience.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For more
information about <a href="http://mvoices.eu/" target="_blank">VOICES</a> and <a href="http://www.w4ra.org/" target="_blank">W4RA</a> (see ARI update 2013 no. 4), you can contact:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anna Bon (</span><a href="mailto:a.bon@vu.nl"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a.bon@vu.nl</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) or Wendelien Tuijp (</span><a href="mailto:w.tuijp@vu.nl"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">w.tuijp@vu.nl</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Useful
websites to monitor are:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.fmnrhub.com.au/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.fmnrhub.com.au</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. This is the website of World Vision Australia.
It’s a great website which keeps you up-to-date about the re-greening work of
Tony Rinaudo and his team.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.icraf.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">www.icraf.org</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> is the website of the World Agroforestry
Center in Nairobi that most readers will know. It is a very useful source of
information. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-19245275186267190192013-11-20T22:33:00.000+01:002013-11-21T20:42:25.733+01:00AFRICAN RE-GREENING UPDATE 2013 NO.3<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IDZ7hwqyXLQ/Uo0pZznlC8I/AAAAAAAAATM/bV6VbDXj8xc/s1600/ARI_A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IDZ7hwqyXLQ/Uo0pZznlC8I/AAAAAAAAATM/bV6VbDXj8xc/s320/ARI_A.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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</span></span></i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It has taken much longer to produce this update
than predicted in update no.3, but the advantage is that we have a lot of good
news to report.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is a growing
interest in restoring degraded land using a mix of proven practices, including
farmer-managed re-greening. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Two major new projects
with re-greening components</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Netherlands development cooperation decided
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integrate re-greening, water harvesting and the use of small quantities of
chemical fertilizers (micro dosing). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A first planning workshop was already held in Ouagadougou
in August. Start-up workshops will be held in October and it is expected that
activities will start soon. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The US Agency for International Development
(USAID) is funding the REGIS-ER <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>project
in Burkina Faso and Niger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>REGIS-ER
stands for Resilience and Economic Growth in the Sahel-Enhanced Resilience. It
is a 5 year and 70 million $ project, which will be implemented in Burkina Faso
and in Niger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These two major new projects mark the beginning
of increased investment in the drylands across the Sahel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The costs of emergency aid are high. In 2012
alone the costs of humanitarian aid amounted to one billion US $.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is less expensive to support dryland
communities to build resilience to drought, which makes people less dependent
on emergency aid and can significantly lower its costs. As mentioned in
previous updates, during drought years the rural poor literally survive on
on-farm trees. When crops fail, trees continue to produce fruit, fodder,
firewood, medicines.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Follow-up to study
visit by Nigerian delegation to Niger in May 2012</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In May 2012, a delegation from Nigeria visited
farmer-managed re-greening in Southern Niger to draw lessons for policy and
practice in Northern Nigeria.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the
participants in this study visit was a key staff member of the European
Commission in Abuja and it is no coincidence that the Commission is now funding
a new agroforestry project in one of the northern states. A follow up can
include a visit by Dennis Garrity (World Agroforestry Centre) to the Federal
Minister of Agriculture as well as a visit by farmers from Niger to Northern
Nigeria to explore with their peers the major reasons behind the low on-farm
tree densities in parts of that region.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Positive developments
in other regions</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the Conference of Parties of the UN
Convention to Combat Desertification in Windhoek (Namibia) in September Dennis
Garrity mentioned that the Government of India has decided to invest hundreds
of millions of US$ /year in agroforestry through the states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sri Lanka is creating an Asia-Pacific Institute
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Conference of Commonwealth Heads of State. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">World Vision Australia has launched an
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information about re-greening activities by World Vision and it offers
opportunities to download relevant publications.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Land for Life Award
and Global Dryland Champions 2013</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">During the recent Conference of Parties of the
UN Convention to Combat Desertification in Windhoek (Namibia), Tony Rinaudo of
World Vision Australia received a Land for Life Award for his dedication to
re-greening in drylands. Tony helped catalyze the re-greening process in
Niger’s Maradi region in the middle of the 1980s. Tony and World Vision
Australia are now promoting re-greening in 14 countries !! </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yacouba Sawadogo and Chris Reij were both
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impacts feature in the documentary “The Man who stopped the desert”. His
innovations in water harvesting allowed the restoration of tens of thousands of
hectares of severely degraded land across parts of the West African Sahel.
Besides this he has created a very diverse 23 ha forest with more than 60
species of trees and bushes on land that used to be completely barren.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From left to right: Tony Rinaudo (World Vision
Australia), Mathieu Ouedraogo (Reseau MARP, Burkina Faso); Yacouba Sawadogo
(“The Man Who Stopped The Desert”, Burkina Faso); Chris Reij (World Resources
Institute, Washington DC) and Mahamane Larwanou (African Forest Forum,
Nairobi).</span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Scaling up re-greening and restoration of
degraded land by building on successes</span></b>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Every year millions of hectares of productive
land are lost due to deforestation, urbanization, overgrazing, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>degradation of agricultural land and
drought.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One thing is certain, we lose
productive land at a rate which is much faster than the rate at which degraded
land is restored to productivity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Increasing
the rate of restoration of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>degraded
land<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>will be vital for feeding <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 to 10 billion people in 2050 and for rural
economic growth. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Improving land and
water management</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The World Resources Institute has just
published a working paper on Improving Land and Water Management. The accent in
this report is on the drylands in Africa. It analyzes the impact of a number of
promising land and water management practices and how they contribute to
improving food security for a growing population. The techniques discussed in
this paper include agroforestry, conservation agriculture, rainwater harvesting
and integrated soil fertility management.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Below you’ll find a link to this paper.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/improving_land_and_water_management.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/improving_land_and_water_management.pdf</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">For earlier
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chris Reij
(</span><a href="mailto:chris.reij@wri.org"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">chris.reij@wri.org</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Senior
Fellow World Resources Institute</span></div>
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information about VOICES, you can contact:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anna Bon (</span><a href="mailto:a.bon@vu.nl"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a.bon@vu.nl</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) or Wendelien Tuijp (</span><a href="mailto:w.tuijp@vu.nl"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">w.tuijp@vu.nl</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) </span></div>
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Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-71432161974250761652013-11-19T22:50:00.002+01:002013-11-21T20:56:23.653+01:00New Forms of Communication for Scaling Re-greening <b>AFRICAN RE-GREENING INITIATIVE Update 2013 no.4</b><br />
<br />
<b> </b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fGAQZRuOfjQ/UovaMOS4TPI/AAAAAAAAASY/ERPzvHxLVH0/s1600/ARI_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fGAQZRuOfjQ/UovaMOS4TPI/AAAAAAAAASY/ERPzvHxLVH0/s320/ARI_1.jpg" /></a></div>
<i>Recharging a mobile phone in a village without electricity</i><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If we want to
accelerate the scaling of re-greening by smallholder farmers we need new forms
of communication. The challenge for the next few years is to equip smallholders
with knowledge that allows them to build new agroforestry systems or to improve
existing agroforestry systems by increasing tree densities or by introducing
new species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If tens of millions of
smallholder farmers will be motivated to invest in trees, then we can re-build
resilience of farming systems, improve food security and reduce rural poverty
to mention just some of the impacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Knowledge building and knowledge sharing is vital, but more is needed.
We also need enabling national policies and legislation that enable farmers to
invest in trees. This will be the theme of a next update. The focus of this
re-greening update will be on the role and potential contribution of new forms
of communication.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If we look at
re-greening successes in the Sahel, the spread of agroforestry can largely be
attributed to the exchange of local knowledge amongst a growing number of
farmers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many NGOs and projects organize
farmer-to-farmer visits to promote sharing of knowledge and experience between
farmers. Besides this, farmers are no fools. They observe what their neighbors
and other farmers are doing and if they are convinced by what they see, they
will begin applying it on their own fields. The challenge is how can we
accelerate the sharing of knowledge and information between smallholder farmers
in a cost-effective way?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There will
always be a need for farmer-to-farmer visits, so farmers can see for themselves
what other farmers have achieved who farm under similar circumstances, but what
more can be done?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, how can
mobile phones be used for knowledge sharing and can they be linked to community
radios?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What role can be played by the internet
in regions where the majority of smallholder farmers do not read or write? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>The Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa</b> <a href="http://w4ra.org/">(www.w4ra.org)</a><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In 2009, VU
University Amsterdam decided to give an honorary PhD to Sir Tim Berners-Lee,
the inventor of the World Wide Web.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
inspired the Network Institute of VU University to create a “Web Alliance for
re-greening in Africa” (W4RA) and to explore possibilities in the Sahel for
developing a project linking mobile telephony with community radio stations and
the web.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The first step was to
undertake field visits to Burkina Faso and Mali to meet with farmers, NGOs,
radio stations and mobile phone companies to review experiences, needs and
possibilities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They wanted their project
to be grounded in field realities. One of the realities is that most farmers
have simple mobile phones without internet access. And most farmers don’t use
SMS because they don’t read or write. The literacy issue is especially important
for women as many are still quite constrained in their access to education. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The variety of regional languages also makes
communication a challenge. However, many farmers in the region like to share
information about their experience or to get information about prices on
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<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0up9rRbBu00/UovaymbBOqI/AAAAAAAAASg/u4YjI-L-20I/s1600/ARI_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0up9rRbBu00/UovaymbBOqI/AAAAAAAAASg/u4YjI-L-20I/s320/ARI_2.jpg" /></a></div>
<i>The team of VU Network Institute in Burkina Faso in September 2009 grounding themselves in ICT realities. From left to right: farmer innovator Ousséni Kindo, Mathieu Ouedraogo (Réseau MARP), Wendelien Tuijp (CIS-VU), Anna Bon (CIS-VU), Prof. Hans Akkermans (VU Network Institute) and Prof. Saa Dittoh (University of Development studies, Ghana). </i><br />
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The team of VU
Network Institute in Burkina Faso in September 2009 grounding themselves in ICT
realities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From left to right: farmer
innovator Ousséni Kindo, Mathieu Ouedraogo (Réseau MARP), Wendelien Tuijp
(CIS-VU), Anna Bon (CIS-VU), Prof. Hans Akkermans (VU Network Institute) and
Prof. Saa Dittoh (University of Development studies, Ghana).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Supported by EU
funding staff of the Network Institute and the World Wide Web Foundation and
African partners (including, for instance, SahelECO in Mali, community radio
stations and farmer organisations in Mali; and Reseau MARP in Burkina Faso)
jointly developed what they called the VOICES project</span>(<a href="http://www.mvoices.eu/">www.mvoices.eu</a>).<br />
<br />
To quote an early information leaflet:
“Today, the vast majority of households in the Sahel have mobile phones. And nearly everyone owns a radio or has access to one. The radio is a great source of community information, broadcasting programs for farmers in local languages. Combining existing radio content with novel ways for voice-based access and other mobile Web services enables an increase in the speed of knowledge sharing among farmers, families and communities”.<br />
<br />
All voice-based services developed in this W4RA-VOICES project are delivered as open-source components that can be downloaded, used, modified and further developed by local or global entrepreneurs or ICT developers. All new methodologies, services and software components and related knowledge are transferred to local innovators who are interested to further the web of voices to the benefit of farmers and their re-greening efforts and many other people in developing regions.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G5uNEpT9bdA/UovbE57_plI/AAAAAAAAASo/bFRaTlFaLpg/s1600/ARI_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G5uNEpT9bdA/UovbE57_plI/AAAAAAAAASo/bFRaTlFaLpg/s320/ARI_3.jpg" /></a></div>
<i>From left to right: Bakory Dembélé (Radio Moutian), Amadou Tangara (SahelECO), Gustave Dakoro (Radio Moutian) and Mary Allen (SahelECO). Watch their t-shirts.
</i>
<b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>WHAT HAS BEEN ACHIEVED SINCE 2009? </b>
<b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>The process: developing local language support</b><br />
Illiteracy and language can be barriers to communication and knowledge sharing. To make the project relevant for local stakeholders, the team developed specific language packs for two local languages in Mali: Bambara and Bomu, enabling voice-based services for these languages.
Information, such as market prices of agricultural products, is often available in the form of text. Even though most farmers in Mali use mobile phones they can’t access SMS-based services because of illiteracy. W4RA-VOICES developed several voice-based systems to enable farmers accessing information. For such information to be useful in voice services, the text must be “read out” as speech.<br />
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Text-to-speech systems</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> are used for this purpose. However, the development
of a full-fledged Text-to-speech system is an expensive and resource-intensive
process. Text-to-speech is usually not available in African languages. Therefore,
a methodology was developed to create language packs for these African
languages. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">This enabled the project to
develop market-price readers in Bambara, Bomu and West-African French.</b> Surveys
have shown that first-language speakers find the systems easy to understand and
acceptably natural. This enables the cost-effective development of voice-based
services for other regions of Africa. At the request of the local communities, the
current services use familiar local voices, which were recorded in Mali. The
collection of speech data from several speakers is a crucial and logistically
complicated aspect of what is called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the
development of Automatic Speech Recognition</b> especially in places without
internet access. </span></div>
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service, it is natural for users to provide information by speech. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Automatic speech recognition is used to
perform the speech-understanding task</b>. But there are no Automatic Speech Recognition
systems for numerous local African languages, which is why we have created our
own system, using open source tools along with speech data and other resources
that were collected in Mali. The French telecom company Orange is one of the
partners in VOICES. They contributed<a href="http://www.emerginov.org/"> Emerginov</a>, which is open source software,
which enables the development of voice-based applications using mobile phones
or the web. This open source software enables local ICT entrepreneurs to create
new knowledge sharing solutions. </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Three major products</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Voice-based
market information system</span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The first system
built by W4RA-VOICES is known as “Radio Marché” (or ‘market radio’). Radio Marché
is a mobile voice Service for Market Information supporting farmers in the Tominian
region in Mali. It supports agricultural value chains by delivering market
information and simplifying the trading of goods in the region. Radio Marché is
based on a combination of cell phone, voice and web technologies, and has been
designed to automatically generate voice messages containing market information
that can be broadcast over the radio.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Radio Marché was
developed in close collaboration with local farmers and is designed to serve
local needs. Radio Marché can be accessed via voice or web, using either simple
mobile phone or internet. It interacts with community radio stations that
broadcast the farmer’s product offerings. Currently, Radio Marché distributes
market information in three languages: French, Bambara and Bomu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tabale:
a system to organize meetings efficiently and at low cost</span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another example of a
voice-based service that was developed is named “Tabale” and is used to send
voice-based invitations to a number of people each in their own language.
Tabale in Mali is the King’s drum beaten by a messenger to gather people for
important occasions in the village.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If
an NGO wants to organize a meeting, participants are notified by the Tabale
voice message about the event, its time and venue. Each person receives the
message in his or her own language. The service is very efficient and saves a
lot of work and time. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tabale can be used
to send group messages to 50 phone numbers simultaneously</b>. It enables the
participants to reply and leave a voice message that is stored and can be
accessed later.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Foroba
Blon: a system to develop citizen or village journalism </span></b><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A voice-based
information system for African community radio is named ‘Foroba Blon’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Bambara this means a space where everyone
has the right to speak, and the truth must be told respectfully. For people in
rural Africa, community radio is an essential and often exclusive source of information.
Radio stations serve as information hubs, relay news, and share knowledge in
the community. The Foroba Blon system, which has won the 2011 International Press
Institute News Contest, shares technologies with Radio Marché. In this system,
the voice platform is used to <b><i>improve</i></b> <b><i>radio journalism</i></b>
in Mali. It allows radio staff as well as citizen journalists to call in and
leave spoken reports from the field for the radio stations. The reports can
then be accessed, broadcast and shared through both a web- and a voice-based
interface.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Testimonies from local stakeholders in Mali</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zakary Diarra (farmer
and beekeeper) collects offerings of honey from neighboring farmers to
aggregate them into group supply. Using the voice-based service, the supply <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of honey and shea butter can easily be
broadcast on the local radio. Here is Zakary's opinion about Radio Marché:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“My income from the sale of honey has almost
doubled in one year.. I have more food stability than before this project, as I
am now able to pay schooling for my four children and I could even buy a cart
and a donkey last year. Without this project, I would be doing mainly regular
farming, and I would have missed this great opportunity of becoming an
entrepreneur and really selling honey. I am also determined to expand the
number of beehives, and I advise others in the village to do the same, so that
we as a group can meet the customers’ high demand, and increase our honey
production and the volume of our sales.” “I am very pleased with this trading
service of Radio Marché, which improved confidence and collaboration between
honey producers and sellers. I am also pleased to be a contact person for the
Radio Marché trading system, as this role is highly appreciated in my village.
Some people now call me "Sozakary", which means "Zakary of
Honey".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Naomi Dembelé, is
among the many women from the village of Sira producing shea butter. Thanks to
this Radio Marché trading-system we, the women who produce shea butter, are
known throughout the country, and whenever there is a demand for shea nuts,
people will come to me. I am proud that I am known across the country.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alou Dolo, developer
at the ICT enterprise Yeleman in Bamako, Mali, had this to say about the W4RA-VOICES
service Tabale: “When is the system free and available for everybody? I can see
possibilities not only for organizations in rural areas, but also for organizations
in urban settings.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A journalist from a small community radio in Mali</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adama Tessougué is a
journalist at Radio Sikidolo in Konobougou, a small village about 150 km east
of Bamako in a rural region of Mali. Adama’s voice is famous as he informs and
entertains at least 50.000 listeners in the 39 surrounding villages every day.
“Informer sans déformer” which means "to inform without deforming",
is written on the walls of the narrow corridor where we meet Adama and his
colleagues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Radio Sikidolo has no
fixed internet connection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adama
Tessougue can check his email using a mobile internet connection, but this is
very expensive. He pays a fee per minute online - so he accesses the web only
now and then. Its high costs are another hurdle for people in Konobougou to use
the Web.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adama works with
fifty independent citizen journalists, reporting news from the surrounding
villages. They collect announcements and report the local breaking news:
weddings, funerals, parties, accidents, lost cows and goats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These voice microblogs are sent to the radio
by mobile phone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Some news items
broadcast by Sikidolo are of interest to regional or national news providers.
If others want to access news from radio Sikidolo, they can do so using Foroba
Blon. Thus by bringing the micro-blogging service online, and allowing people
to share voice-based resources, this may eventually become <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a </b><a href="http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-844/paper_4.pdf"> Web of Radios</a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">How can this Web of Voices help spread re-greening and
related activities? </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The regional and the
community radio stations can be used to spread information about farmer
experience with re-greening. This can be achieved by giving <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(a platform?) to farmers in their local
language (or “a means for farmers to communicate more widely in their local
language”.), They can be invited to visit the radio station for a live
broadcast or they can call the radio station with their mobile phones and their
messages are registered and broadcast later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In this way , thousands of farmers can speak out and reach hundreds of
thousands of other farmers <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with relevant
information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It will be an
advantage if news about re-greening and related activities will be broadcast in
a regular program at fixed hours. One of the major advantages of using radio
stations to spread the information about re-greening is that it can trigger a
spontaneous process that helps to spread re-greening in villages within the
reach of the radio stations. This spontaneous spreading will be beyond project
control and independent of interventions. For that reason it may well escape
conventional project monitoring and evaluation as the spreading may well occur
outside villages in which re-greening projects intervene. Catalyzing a process
is exactly what is needed to adapt to climate change, address the loss of soil
fertility and transform rural landscapes over large areas. Developing new
agroforestry systems and improving existing ones, is urgent and should be done
at scale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The challenge is to devise
ways and means to use the same Web of Voices as a tool for participatory
monitoring and evaluation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Although there is a
cost attached to developing radio programs around re-greening, its costs are low
compared to other ways of spreading information. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">How can the Web of Voices be used for developing value
chains?</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The examples
mentioned above tell the story about how smallholder farmers (men and women)
are using Radio Marché to collect and spread information about the supply of
agroforestry products, but also about market prices. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Capacity
building by VOICES</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">VOICES has developed,
tested and successfully used its tools in Mali with a wide variety of partners.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can now be rolled out in other countries.
It has a mobile training lab that offers capacity building for local partners. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Project website: </span><a href="http://www.w4ra.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://www.w4ra.org</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and http://www.mvoices.eu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5 minute film about
the project: </span><a href="http://www.mvoices.eu/node/80"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://www.mvoices.eu/node/80</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">23 April 2013 Article
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">13 May<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Article ""The biggest media in
Africa" in Silicon Africa about Zakary Diarra, honey producer in Mali,
beneficiary of RadioMarché voice-based trading service. </span></i></div>
<i>
</i><br />
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<i><a href="http://www.siliconafrica.com/forget-the-web-or-the-mobile-radio-is-the-biggest-media-in-africa/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://www.siliconafrica.com/forget-the-web-or-the-mobile-radio-is-the-biggest-media-in-africa/</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14 June 2013 More
media coverage: A large article about the results of VOICES in the Science for
Development Network </span><a href="http://www.scidev.net/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">http://www.scidev.net</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2 May Malian online
ICT news site mali-ntic.org reports about the m-agro pilot of the VOICES
project after the Conference in Bamako, Mali, 23 April 2013. </span><span lang="FR-CI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR-CI;">"Les Technologies vocales pour permettre aux
populations défavorisées d'accéder aux TICs" by Fousseyni Sanogo. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.mali-ntic.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=821:les-technologies-vocales-pour-permettre-aux-populations-defavorisees-dacceder-aux-tic"><span lang="FR-CI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR-CI;">http://www.mali-ntic.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=821:les-technologies-vocales-pour-permettre-aux-populations-defavorisees-dacceder-aux-tic</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR-CI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FR-CI;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">For more information about the Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa
(W4RA), please contact:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Anna Bon, ICT Consultant (a.bon@vu.nl) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">or Wendelien Tuyp (</span><a href="mailto:w.tuyp@vu.nl"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">w.tuyp@vu.nl</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">)</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">VU </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> University <i><span style="color: blue;">amsterdam</span></i> <br />
Centre for International Cooperation <br />
De Boelelaan 1105 <br />
1081 HV Amsterdam <br />
The Netherlands <br />
t + 31 20 5989074 <br />
f + 31 20 5989095 </span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-40243617465627133952013-05-03T10:38:00.000+02:002013-05-04T15:51:08.624+02:00<b>HOW VEGETATION HELPS TURN DOWN THE HEAT</b>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MMagiD7cO90/UYUPuHpUrlI/AAAAAAAAARI/vxsvq3GMs54/s1600/Photo+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MMagiD7cO90/UYUPuHpUrlI/AAAAAAAAARI/vxsvq3GMs54/s320/Photo+1.jpg" /></a>
<p>
This picture shows that vegetation helps turn down the heat. Even a bit of cover reduces soil surface temperatures by 6 C.
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This update is about how vegetation helps turn down the heat as well as about a recent visit to re-greening partners in Senegal.
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<b>HOW TO TURN DOWN THE HEAT? </b><p>
The World Bank published in November 2012 “Turn down the heat: why a 4°C warmer world must be avoided. This report makes the point that “Even with current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented, there is roughly a 20% likelihood of exceeding 4°C by 2100. If they are not met, warming of 4°C could occur as early as the 2060s” (p. xiii). This 4°C increase in temperatures is a global average. Certain regions are likely to experience much stronger warming. For instance “the Mediterranean, northern Africa, and the Middle East, as well as the contiguous United States, are likely to see summer temperatures rise by more than 6°C (p. 38).
Quoting various studies, the report states for Sub-Saharan Africa that with 4°C or more of warming, 35 percent of cropland is projected to become unsuitable for cultivation. In a 5°C world, much of the crop and rangeland of Sub-Saharan Africa can be expected to experience major reductions in the growing season length (p.62).
<p>
The report also states that “Because agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly sensitive to weather and climate variables, (75 percent is rainfed), it is highly vulnerable to fluctuations in in precipitation and has a low potential for adaptation” (p.62). I added the bold print and want to raise the question whether it is true that African agriculture has a low potential for adapting to climate change. I would like to argue that the semi-arid and sub-humid regions of Africa (and of other continents) have significant adaptation potential, because tens of millions of hectares of agroforestry parklands in these regions offer major opportunities for turning down the heat (adaptation) and for sequestration of carbon (mitigation). On-farm trees reduce wind speed and reduce temperatures. Diversifying agricultural production systems through increased production of perennial tree crops (wood fodder, edible leaves and fruits) also buffers these systems against rainfall fluctuations and adds to their resiliency.
It is interesting to note here that Gordon Conway, Professor of International Development at the Imperial College, University of London recently published “One billion hungry: can we feed the world? “ (Cornell University Press, 2012). This book contains a figure about the carbon sequestration potential of different forms of land use management (page 314). This figure shows that the carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry is higher than from any other form of land use - higher even than fromforest management, grazing management or crop management.
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The picture below was used in an earlier update. It shows some young agroforestry parkland on Mali’s Seno Plains. The trees are young and tree density is high. Much too high according to agronomists as the trees will compete with the crops for nutrients and for light. However, for a number of reasons the farmers deliberately want high on-farm tree densities. Firstly, as the picture shows, the trees provide a lot of organic matter to the soil, which is good for maintaining and improving soil fertility. Secondly, the trees provide some shade to the crops. The farmers prune their trees to reduce shade, but they don’t want their crops to be exposed the entire day to the impact of the sun, so they keep some shade. Thirdly, by pruning early in the rainy season, the trees provide a readily accessible source of firewood , which reduces the time needed by women to collectfirewood at a time of the year when they are busy with working the land.
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z8AzQ4HUusg/UYUPi9v3tFI/AAAAAAAAARA/XzRuqAG5UG4/s1600/photo+2.png" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-z8AzQ4HUusg/UYUPi9v3tFI/AAAAAAAAARA/XzRuqAG5UG4/s320/photo+2.png" /></a>
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In 2011, I received an email from Bob Mann, who had measured soil surface temperatures during different times of the day in a village in Northern Burkina Faso on November 12 1989. It is important to keep in mind that November 12 is the beginning of the cool season, which explains he low temperatures measured early in the morning.
“On 12 November 1989 I recorded day-time temperatures at Oursi village as follows;
time air temperature in the shade and temperature on the bare ground in full sun without any shade.
<p>
tree shade bare ground <p>
06.45 hours 25 C 23 C <p>
10.30 hours 33 C 54 C <p>
13.25 hours 36 C 71 C <p>
<p>
Important micro-organisms in the top soil will die if exposed to temperatures of 55 C and over for more than 1 hour at a time. The value of woodland and vegetation cover in general is self-evident just from this one point of moderating daytime soil-temperature, quite apart from the other important values of micro-nutrient re-cycling from deep down back to the soil surface through leaf-litter fall and decomposition, along with greatly reduced wind speed and reduced soil-moisture evaporation which vegetation brings about”.
<p>
The difference in soil surface temperatures under a tree and on adjacent bare ground exposed to the sun is as high as 35°C during the middle of the day. Under the tree the temperature ranges from 25 to 36°C, which is a difference of just 11°C , but look at the situation on bare ground where temperatures increased by 48 degrees C to a high of 71 degrees!!
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-f6eh4ZLZCog/UYUPX92ZeiI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/eS7YA9MpiYQ/s1600/Photo+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-f6eh4ZLZCog/UYUPX92ZeiI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/eS7YA9MpiYQ/s320/Photo+3.jpg" /></a>
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Also livestock prefer to hide under a tree during the middle of the day (Niger, May 2012)<p>
It is obvious that one of the many positive impacts of agroforestry is that it helps farmers adapt to climate change by reducing temperatures of shaded ground and in the adjacent micro-climate. If tens of millions of land users across the Sahel increase on-farm tree densities, they will not only turn down the heat, but also develop more complex and drought-resilient farming systems.
<p>
<b>Some highlights of a visit to re-greening partners in Senegal </b>(March 11 – 19, 2013)<p>
IED Afrique (www. ) is our key re-greening partner in Senegal. With the support of funds from the International Fund for Agricultural Development, IED Afrique is developing a national policy dialogue around farmer-managed re-greening and building a movement to promote re-greening. Mamadou Fall is IED Afrique’s re-greening coordinator and we jointly undertook all activities mentioned below.
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<b>Meetings with the Forestry Service and the Ministry of Environment</b><p>
We met on 3 different days with high ranking officials of the Forestry Service and with senior policy makers of the Ministry of Environment. It was striking that all staff we met agreed that significant investments in tree planting during the last few decades had produced few results. Survival rates of planted trees are low. It seemed that an exception was made for a project called PREVINOBA, which also promoted natural regeneration. During the meetings several successes with natural regeneration in Senegal were identified, but most of them are small-scale. The challenge they perceive is to expand the scale of these successes. This acknowledgement of lack of results of conventional tree planting and an increasing recognition of successes in agroforestry may lead to a paradigm change.
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<b>Visit to Kaffrine </b><p>
World Vision Senegal is vigorously promoting re-greening by farmers in the area around Kaffrine. During the last 4 years, it has not only flown 88 farmers to Niger to visit re-greening in the Maradi region, but also some forestry agents. We met with farmer leaders representing a group of 70 farmer leaders (including 15 women), who organized themselves in an association and train other farmers in natural regeneration. On-farm re-greening is increasing, but one difficulty mentioned was that some farmers are circulating rumors that if you increase the number of on-farm trees, you risk losing your land to the forestry service or to the regional council. The project patiently and persistently counteracts such rumors, aided by the support of forestry agents who are now commited to supporting farmer managed re-greening.
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World Vision cooperates with researchers of ISRA (the National Agricultural Research Institute). They have done research on the impact of re-greening on crop yields using different crop varieties. In one of the next updates an overview will be presented of current data regarding impact of re-greening on crop yields.
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<b>Visit to Khatre Sy
</b>
<p>The village of Khatre Sy, at about 130 km Northeast of Dakar, is one of the first villages that organized itself to protect and manage on-farm natural regeneration. It is surrounded by a well- developed agroforestry parkland (see picture next page).
Surrounding villages are looking at Khatre Sy as an example and during our meeting in this village on March 15 (see picture next page), representatives of neighboring villages joined the exchange, which took place in the shade of a neem tree (Azadirachta indica) with a dense canopy. Khatre Sy has developed vegetable gardening with the support of a credit and savings project (FADEC) and one of its impacts has been that it retains young men in the village, who otherwise would have left on labour migration.
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oqckP2rIPMU/UYUPM7PhWcI/AAAAAAAAAQw/LrkOuqrmwm8/s1600/Photo+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oqckP2rIPMU/UYUPM7PhWcI/AAAAAAAAAQw/LrkOuqrmwm8/s320/Photo+4.jpg" /></a>
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<i>Courtesy: Dr. Diaminatou Sanogo (national focal point World Agroforestry Centre)
</i><p>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zlJW_gugDcs/UYUPDv2xG7I/AAAAAAAAAQo/aTxMS-XGeNk/s1600/Photo+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zlJW_gugDcs/UYUPDv2xG7I/AAAAAAAAAQo/aTxMS-XGeNk/s320/Photo+5.jpg" /></a>
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Meeting in the village of Khatre Sy on March 15<p>
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<b>GREP: a network of environmental journalists</b><p>
IED Afrique collaborates closely with a network of environmental journalists in Senegal called GREP (Groupe Recherche Environnement et Presse or literally Group, Research, Environment and Press). GREP receives long-term financial support of the Netherlands Embassy in Dakar.
<p>
A meeting with two representatives of GREP led to an interview in a popular breakfast program (called Kenkéliba) on national TV channel. The 15 minute interview on Monday 18 March was supported by shots from a new documentary about farmer-managed re-greening in Senegal, which was funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
Re-building a network of parliamentarians for the environment
<p>
On March 12 we met with parliamentarian Mr. Mamadou Lamine Thiam, who during the last elections was one of the few parliamentarians who got re-elected. He was leading a group of parliamentarians for the environment, which he is now re-building. This group will meet before the end of March and this meeting will be attended by re-greening partners as well as by journalists of the above-mentioned GREP. Mr. Thiam firmly aims to build a regional network of parliamentarians and other elected officials for environment and the fight against desertification.
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<b>Developing a national re-greening strategy</b><p>
In the last week of March a small group of re-greening partners will meet to begin drafting a national re-greening strategy for Senegal. It will use the national agroforestry strategy for Niger s a source of inspiration and adapt it to the specific conditions of Senegal.
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<b>Presentation to USAID</b><p>
On Monday 19 March, a presentation was made on the impact of regreening successes at the US Embassy in Dakar for about 15 staff members of USAID Senegal and of USAID’s regional program.
Agroforestry systems in in the triangle between Dakar – Thies – Mboro
Anyone who travels from Thies northwards into the direction of Saint Louis, will be struck between Thies and Tivaouane by a locally dense agroforestry parkland. Immediately North of Thies, the parkland is dominated by Borassus aethiopium?..or ronier palms (see first picture next page), whereas towards Tivaouane, the parkland is dominated more by Faidherbia albida. (see next page second picture). Elsewhere one finds more cashew nut. In all cases manioc is planted in-between the trees.
When one travels from Tivaouane towards the coast, and subsequently southwards towards Dakar, one is also struck by the enormous scale at which mango is cultivated. Millions of mango trees have been planted in this region and occasionally cashew. A number of fields showed significant regeneration of Faidherbia albida.
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ySXg9MiPV3Q/UYUO5zf0OeI/AAAAAAAAAQg/fNKiTF6COXs/s1600/Photo+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ySXg9MiPV3Q/UYUO5zf0OeI/AAAAAAAAAQg/fNKiTF6COXs/s320/Photo+6.jpg" /></a>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PFM8T-jy_28/UYUOr4petXI/AAAAAAAAAQY/o4SSilK39EU/s1600/Photo+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PFM8T-jy_28/UYUOr4petXI/AAAAAAAAAQY/o4SSilK39EU/s320/Photo+7.jpg" /></a>
<p>
GOOD NEWS FROM MALI
SahelECO, our re-greening partner in Mali, just received a significant grant (£ 475,000) from the UK Lottery through the International Tree Foundation, which will add another £ 50,000 from its drylands program. Congratulations to Sahel ECO and the <a href="http://internationaltreefoundation.org/itf-news/trees-4-livelihoods-funding-awarded-to-itf/">International Tree Foundation </a>! Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-61126471677019081782013-03-07T17:18:00.004+01:002013-03-07T17:25:47.137+01:00Regreening update March 2013<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vfwOXNYFovc/UTi90Mpx1II/AAAAAAAAAPc/tzRQWn-nrZk/s1600/Picture+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vfwOXNYFovc/UTi90Mpx1II/AAAAAAAAAPc/tzRQWn-nrZk/s320/Picture+1.jpg" /></a>
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<i>Luc Gnacadja, Executive Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (second person from left) visits re-greening in Niger’s Zinder Region (February 14, 2013) and discusses with villagers about scale and impacts of re-greening
</i>
<p>
<i><b>Some highlights since November 2012</b>
</i><p>
Visit by the Executive Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) to Niger (12 – 14 February).
Luc Gnacadja, the Executive Secretary of the UNCCD visited Niger from 12 – 14 February. A key objective was to visit on-farm re-greening in the Zinder Region. The picture below was s taken in a village in the Mirriah department, which has dense young Faidherbia albida parkland, which is clearly visible in the background. The Executive Secretary is in the middle of this group of villagers, who explain the significant impacts of Faidherbia on crop yields and on their livelihoods.
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ne1INY0gOWY/UTi9sGfp83I/AAAAAAAAAPU/X8QyG3WqIZU/s1600/Picture+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ne1INY0gOWY/UTi9sGfp83I/AAAAAAAAAPU/X8QyG3WqIZU/s320/Picture+2.jpg" /></a>
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This visit helped to bust some myths. One of them is that livestock is, as commonly assumed,a source of degradation of vegetation. The villagers made it clear that the manure of livestock contains seeds of trees and bushes and in this way livestock can be a source of re-greening. Twenty years ago they used all manure as a source of energy in their kitchen, but now they have sufficient firewood from pruning the on-farm trees and all manure is applied on their cultivated fields. Livestock management is also changing from extensive to semi-intensive.
Another myth is that it takes a generation before trees are big enough to be exploited. Young trees need to be pruned from the first or second year and depending on species, they can grow fast.
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KQVCZ0E706k/UTi9iIRRkmI/AAAAAAAAAPM/RwhfEKqPBJE/s1600/Picture+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KQVCZ0E706k/UTi9iIRRkmI/AAAAAAAAAPM/RwhfEKqPBJE/s320/Picture+3.jpg" /></a>
<p>
<i>A young man in the village using his mobile phone to take pictures of Luc Gnacadja, who was accompanied by the Governor of Zinder. </i> <p>
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<b>Visit to His Excellency President Issoufou Mahamadou of Niger </b> <p>
The visit by the Executive Secretary of UNCCD involved meetings with the Prime Minister and the Minister of Water and Environment of Niger, the Niger Basin Authority, and representatives of civil society organisations and Niamey-based research institutes. Upon return from the field, a press conference was held and the national TV news reported extensively about the visit. Highlight was a meeting with His Excellency Issoufou Mahamadou, President of Niger, who showed great interest in the impressions and findings of the Executive Secretary. The President is well aware of the scale and impacts of re-greening in Niger and he reacted positively to a suggestion to create an annual Presidential Award for the best agroforestry village in Niger.
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<b>Workshop to validate a national agroforestry workshop for Niger (February 14 and 15)</b> <p>
About 40 participants joined a workshop in Niamey to validate a draft national agroforestry strategy. Two working groups produced very constructive comments and suggestions. The document will be finalized in the next few weeks. It is interesting to note here that the workshop was also attended by participants from Burkina Faso and Senegal. Both countries are using the draft strategy for Niger and plan to adapt it to their own specific conditions.
Visit to Yacouba Sawadogo (February 8)
Yacouba Sawadogo, who created a highly diverse forest on what used to be barren and degraded land not only continues to draw media attention, but he also continues to innovate. The picture below shows young baobab trees that he planted during the 2012 rainy season. The young trees were planted on very degraded land, which is where they normally will never grow. Yacouba invested in digging pits with a diameter of about 1 meter and filled these pits with organic matter. Until now all planted baobab have survived.
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With regard to media attention, a major article was published on November 29, 2012 in the well regarded German newspaper <a href="http://www.zeit.de/2012/49/Hunger-Sahelzone-Baeumepflanzer">Die Zeit</a>. For those readers who understand German, the link to a shorter version of the article is below. It was a 2 pager written by Andrea Jeska and illustrated with color pictures. It triggered many positive reactions.
For those who fly Emirates, this airline will soon include the documentary, “The man who stopped the desert” in its on board entertainment program.<p>
<b>Meeting with environmental journalists in Burkina Faso (February 7)</b><p>
Another highlight was a meeting with a group of young and enthusiastic environmental journalists in Burkina Faso, who have organized themselves in a small association called Media Vert. These journalists are working for radio, TV and press. They have visited farmer innovators in Burkina Faso and have subsequently been writing and talking about their findings. Steps are now being taken to link them to an emerging organization of African environmental journalists and to create opportunities for exposure to existing successes in natural resource management.
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<i>The second person to the left is Mathieu Ouedraogo of Réseau MARP who took the initiative in the middle of 2012 to bring the journalists to the field as part of the IFAD funded project to support a national policy dialogue around re-greening.
</i>
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<b>Never waste an opportunity to tell the story about re-greening and its multiple impacts</b><p>
During the last few months, numerous opportunities have emerged to present re-greening and its multiple impacts on food security, resilience, household energy, adaptation to and mitigation of climate change to different audiences. Presentations included:<p>
- a brown bag lunch presentation at the World Bank in Washington D.C USA (January 15)<p>
- a presentation to the Washington DC chapter of the Society of American Foresters, a US based professional association that includes foresters and natural resource management specialists with a keen interest in agroforestry (January 17)<p>
- presentation at the European Parliament in Brussels organized by the World Agroforestry Centre (January 29)<p>
- at the World Bank during the Sustainable Development Network week (January 27)<p>
- at the retreat of the World Bank’s Sahel and West Africa Program (January 28)<p>
- at the Brussels development briefings organized by the Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Cooperation (CTA) . CTA is a joint international institution of the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific States associated to the EU. (March 4). About 200 participants joined the development briefing on “Agricultural Resilience in the Face of Crisis and Shocks” <p>
<a href="http://brusselsbriefings.net/next-briefing/">Brussels Development Briefings</a><p>
<b>What next?</b><p>
From March 11 – 19, I’ll be visiting Senegal to meet with IED Afrique, another key re-greening partner. The visit will include meetings with a group of environmental journalists, parliamentarians for the environment and a field visit.
The next update (end March) will be about the visit to Senegal and the spotlight will be on IED Afrique and its acivities to develop a national policy dialogue around re-greening in Senegal. In subsequent issues each ARI partner will share what they have done to put re-greening by farmers on the radar screen of national policymakers.
The World Bank recently published a major report on “Turn down the heat: why a 4°C warmer world must be avoided”. The next update will also pay attention to the role of trees in turning down the heat. The point will be made that a significant increase in the world’s vegetation cover is vital to turning down the heat.
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If you have any suggestions for African Re-greening Initiatives, if you have information to share or if you would like to be part of the re-greening movement, or if you are willing to contribute financially to support re-greening by farmers, please contact:
Chris ReijChris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-80623353532543468552012-11-27T16:29:00.002+01:002012-11-28T20:46:04.799+01:00November 2012: PATHWAYS TO SCALING RE-GREENING SUCCESSES IN AFRICA’S DRYLANDS
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<i>A delegation from Nigeria visits the village of Dan Saga (Aguié district, Niger) to draw lessons from Niger’s re-greening experience for agroforestry policy and practice in Nigeria. The delegation got some hands on training by the farmers in selection of stems and in pruning. </i> <p><p>
<b>Why is it important to scale existing farmer managed re-greening?
</b><p>On-farm trees (agroforestry systems) are the pillar of future agriculture in Africa’s drylands and sub-humid regions, but this is also true for drylands in other parts of the world. They help smallholder farmers create more complex, more productive and drought-resilient farming systems. On-farm trees not only increase food security, but they also help farmers to adapt to climate change, produce more fodder for livestock and a wide range of other benefits (energy, nutrition, cash, medicinal produce).
Increasing the number of on-farm trees is only a first essential step; more is needed to significantly increase crop yields for a rapidly growing population. A big advantage of on-farm trees is that they help maintain or improve soil organic matter, which makes it rational for farmers to begin using small quantities of inorganic fertilizers.<p>
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<i>The pruning of Guiéra senegalensis (Niger, June 2012) produces significant quantities of leaves (soil organic matter) as well as branches and twigs (household energy).
</i><p><p>This helps increase crop yields significantly. As farmers from the village of Dan Saga (Niger) explained during a workshop in Ouagadougou in June…”we are now systematically combining agroforestry and small quantities of inorganic fertilizers (micro dosing) and this allows us to harvest about 1000 kg/ha instead of about 500 kg/ha”.<p>
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If micro dosing could be introduced during the next 5 years on 1 million ha of existing agroforestry parklands in Niger, it would increase crop production by about 500,000 ton. Many smallholder farmers would become food secure and could even produce a surplus for the market.
Before presenting the components of a scaling strategy, the question should be answered why it has taken 7 months to produce this new update? The answer is simple…there were a number of activities and promising developments, which contributed to postponing the writing of a new update. <p><p>
<b>Some promising developments
</b><p><i>Expanding re-greening into Northern Nigeria
</i><p>Early June, a 25 person strong delegation from Nigeria visited the Maradi and Zinder Regions in Niger to draw lessons from Niger’s experience with re-greening for agroforestry policy and practice in Nigeria (see pictures front page). This visit was co-organized by the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Nigeria and ARI’s partners in Niger, in particular Prof. Adam Toudou and Dr. Abassé Tougiani. It was co-funded by IFAD and by the Heinrich Böll Foundation.
Parts of Northern Nigeria have high population densities and low on-farm tree densities, which means that this is a case of “low hanging fruit”. There is a potential for quickly expanding the number of on-farm trees through the protection of natural regeneration.
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Before leaving Niger, all participants developed their own points of action. Upon return, several participants decided to try to develop on-the-ground activities. We’ll brief you in the next updates about developments.
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<i>A regional food and water initiative for the Sahel and the Horn of Africa
</i><p>
At the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) began on August 1 an intensive process of formulating a major regional food and water initiative for the Sahel and the Horn of Africa. The proposal will be submitted before the end of 2012 and, if approved, implementation will start early in 2013. The approach of this land user driven program will be to expand the scale of existing successes. Its technical components include agroforestry with an accent on farmer-managed re-greening, water harvesting, micro dosing (small quantities of inorganic fertilizers) and improved seeds. These technologies have often been promoted and used in isolation, but this program will integrate these activities as much as possible. The program proposal emphasizes the need for flexibility in order to be able to respond to emerging opportunities and it does not rigidly fix targets like conventional projects do, but it wants to develop a multi-stakeholder movement and a process. We’ll know soon whether the proposal will be accepted or rejected.<p><p>
<b>A movement is developing around farmer-managed re-greening
</b><p>OXFAM NOVIB has decided to support the development of agroforestry in Senegal and in Niger. OXFAM America supports a major women’s credit and savings program in Mali with more than 400,000 members, who have identified the depletion of soil fertility as a main problem that can be tackled by increasing the number of on-farm trees.
<p>World Vision Australia is increasing its support for farmer-managed re-greening and so do other World Vision countries, in particular after the successful “Beating the Famine” conference in Nairobi in April 2012 (see ARI update 2012 no.4).
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As mentioned in earlier updates, IFAD is already supporting agroforestry in the Sahel and its project in Niger’s Aguié District is a source of inspiration. The World Bank TerrAfrica and the Global Environment Facility have put agroforestry/farmer-managed re-greening firmly on their agenda.
<p>Slowly but surely, the interest in agroforestry is increasing, but more needs to be done to put agroforestry firmly on the global policy agenda’s
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<i>A workshop on the economic impacts of agroforestry systems in the Sahel
</i><p>From 8 – 11 October re-greening partners from Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal met in Ouagadougou with ICRAF and its partners amongst others to discuss the first results of an ICRAF study funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and co-funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID). This study on the economic impacts of agroforestry systems in the Sahel is based on interviews with 1040 households in 4 countries. It indicates that agroforestry improves food security, but there are differences between each country. As soon as the report will be available, a next update will summarize the findings.
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<b>Scaling existing re-greening successes: how do you do it?
</b><p>This update does not offer space to go into details, but it is possible to briefly present 18 different components of a scaling strategy. A working paper will soon be published, which will treat each component in more detail. Most of these components are already used by re-greening partners in the Sahel, but they are also applicable in very different socioeconomic and agro-ecological situations, for instance in the USA, Brazil or India. The starting point is always the identification and analysis of smaller and bigger re-greening successes, which can be found in many places. Even in situations that seem to be bleak, it is always possible to find farmers and villages that have innovated to overcome a crisis. These successes can be used as sources of inspiration, training grounds and seed banks.<p><p>
<b>A. WORKING AT THE GRASSROOTS
</b><p>1. Organize farmer-to-farmer visits<p>
2. Farmer experts train farmers and herders<p>
3. Support or develop village institutions<p>
4. Introduce agroforestry competitions at different levels<p>
5. Develop a movement of non-governmental organisations and civil society organisations and build their capacity to promote re-greening by farmers (men and women). <p><p>
This cluster of activities shows that knowledge management is important. It’s about farmers sharing their knowledge and experience with other farmers, which is a widely used tool, and farmers with good knowledge and experience can train other farmers. The participants from the village of Dan Saga (Niger) in the above-mentioned workshop in Ouagadougou, mentioned that in their area 300 farmer experts (50% women) are now able to train other farmers in and outside Niger, and some already do so.
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<i>Re-greening is also about creating village institutions to manage the new capital asset: trees. Some villagers in Dan Saga have specific responsibilities for controlling whether everyone respects the rules that have been set by the community. (June 2012)
</i><p><p><p><b>B. INVOLVE GOVERNMENT (TOP-DOWN MEETS BOTTOM-UP)
</b><p>6. Adapt national agricultural policies and forestry legislation<p>
7. Mainstream re-greening into existing and new agricultural development projects<p>
8. Organize field visits for national policymakers<p>
9. Create a Presidential Award for the best re-greening/agroforestry village
<p><p>Developing a grassroots movement is important, but it’s not enough. National policies and forest legislation should be adapted to incentivize farmers to invest in trees. Unless farmers perceive ownership rights to their on-farm trees, they will be reluctant to invest in them. A draft national re-greening strategy or Niger proposes the creation of a Presidential Award for the best re-greening village. If that would be accepted, it can have a big impact. If the President decides to deliver the award personally, it will not only trigger a lot of attention from the national TV, radio and press, which helps spread the message about re-greening and its impacts, but it will also induce other villages to do better and join the competition.
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<b>C. DEVELOP A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
</b><p>10. Use the mass media to inform farmers and herders<p>
11. Link ICT, radio and internet (develop a “web of speech”)<p>
12. Produce documentaries for national TV<p>
13. Organize national and regional experience sharing workshops<p>
14. Mobilize African champions to promote re-greening<p>
15. Mobilize international media<p>
16. Develop advocacy at all levels<p>
<p><p>Too few people in Africa’s drylands, but also in the rest of the world, are aware about what has already been achieved, the multiple impacts of re-greening and the crucial role on-farm and off-farm trees play in improving livelihoods and in adaption to and mitigation of climate change. Development of agroforestry and restoring degraded forests has to get much higher on the national and international political agenda than it currently is.
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<b>D. THE ROLE OF THE MARKET IN SCALING UP
</b><p>17. Support the development of agroforestry value chains<p>
18. Induce or support the private sector to develop input/output markets<p>
<p><p>National and international agroforestry value chains do already exist around some species like the Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) and baobab leaves harvested in Niger’s Mirriah district find their way to markets in Sudan and even in Saudi Arabia. A species that is on the rise in several countries, and has an untapped potential, is Moringa oleifera. It is also called the miracle tree, because of its considerable nutritional value. The picture below was taken in early June on the road between Niamey and Torodi (Niger). This zone has witnessed a big expansion of the area under Moringa oleifeira in the last few years.
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<i>Moringa oleifera is expanding rapidly along road between Niamey and Torodi (Niger). This picture was taken early June 2012. The lack of clarity is due to the quantities of fine soil particles in the air </i>
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<b>Request
</b>The 18 components of the scaling strategy are neither perfect nor complete. If you have any questions, remarks or suggestions regarding the scaling strategy, please send them to <a href="http://c.p.reij@vu.nl">Chris Reij </a>.
<p><p>
<b>Media attention for re-greening
</b>Re-greening successes continue to generate media attention. The Public Broadcasting System (PBS) in the USA made a documentary in Niger end May/early June 2012 about the famine, but it also wanted to show the solutions and it showed the increasing on-farm tree densities in Maradi’s Aguié. It’s a nicely balanced story, which they gave the following title: <a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/july-dec12/niger_07-12.html">“Amidst drought and famine Niger leads West Africa in addressing crisis”.
</a><p>This documentary was broadcasted across the USA by PBS Newshour.
<p><p>
<b>Some re-greening partners in action
</b><a href="http://www.iedafrique.org">IED Afrique in Senegal
</a>One of the key activities of IED Afrique is informing a network of environmental journalists in Senegal about re-greening. From 26 – 28 November about 20 journalists are visiting the region of Kaolack and to visit areas re-greened, discuss with farmers who have protected and managed trees, which regenerate spontaneously on their farms. Read more about this workshop and visit in <a href="http://www.aps.sn/articles.php?id_article=105752">the article </a>published on Agence de Presse Sénégalaise. Besides Mamadou Fall, the re-greening coordinator of IED Afrique, a number of researchers from the National Agronomic Research Institute who have done research on yield impacts of re-greening accompany the environmental journalists. <p>
This kind of activity is vital to get re-greening on the radar screen of a wider public and of national policy makers. It should be mentioned here that IED Afrique is collaborating closely with World Vision Senegal and other NGOs. <p><p>
<b><a href="http://www.reseaumarpbf.org">Reseau MARP </a>in Burkina Faso </b><p>
In July, the Reseau MARP organized a visit for national policymakers of three ministries to farmer innovators in the Zondoma and Yatenga provinces. It is important to expose policymakers to the innovations by farmers and to what’s happening on the ground. The delegation was accompanied by the press and radio, which triggered a flurry of media attention. <p><p>
<b>CRESA in Niger
</b><p>As mentioned earlier in this update, our re-greening partners in Niger were actively involved in organizing a study visit by a major delegation from Nigeria to Southern Niger. Besides this, a number of studies on re-greening have been realized and a draft national agroforestry strategy has been developed, which remains to be discussed in a workshop. In the meantime, this draft strategy has been shared with the re-greening partners in the other Sahel countries, and they want to explore which parts of this strategy are relevant to the specific conditions in their countries.<p><p>
<a href="http://www.saheleco.net"><b>SahelECO</b></a>, <a href="http://www.W4RA.org"><b>Network Institute </b></a>and <b>World-Wide Web Foundation
</b><p>SahelECO is working closely with Network Institute of Free University Amsterdam and with the World Wide Web Foundation on testing and implementing a so-called “ web of speech”, which is based on linking mobile phone and community radio. Rural communities lack access to electricity and have no access to the Internet. Communication is also hampered by the variety of small local African languages and dialects spoken in each region. The services are designed for those without Internet. The services are based on speech (in local languages) for those without reading skills. A radio platform is accessible by phone for farmers and rural “village reporters”. The interactivity that is thus generated, (“web of radios”) gives a voice to those communities and individuals who were previously not able to express their voices. You can learn more about this initiative by watching this <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzWpZz3guuI">short documentary.</a><p><p>
The partners are working with community (rural) radios and farmer organizations for the deployment of these systems, in a co-creation setting with the local users (farmers!), to ensure they are optimized for the local rural conditions in Africa. The systems have extensively been tested in a production environment in Mali by all partners in cooperation with 6 radio stations.<p><p>
<b>Some final remarks about extreme weather conditions
</b><p>In 2011, rainfall was bad in parts of the Sahel and millions of people suffered from hunger and malnutrition. The 2012 rainy season fortunately saw record rainfall and a bumper harvest. <p>
17 states in the USA suffered this year from prolonged drought, which led to lower maize yields in states like Iowa and Kansas and a sell-off of livestock. <p><p>
Early November, the Northeastern part of the USA was struck by hurricane Sandy, which caused devastation at a vast scale. In 2011, Mark Hertsgaard, a US environmental journalist, published a book called “Hot: living through the next 50 years on earth”. He quotes mayor Bloomberg who declared on Earth Day 2007 that coping with climate change was imperative to New York’s future and “he felt that New York was threatened by “ rising sea levels and intensifying storms”. Hertsgaard explores the city and its vulnerability to extreme weather events and what he describes almost exactly what happened early November (Hertsgaard, 2011: 97 – 104).
In 2010, climatologist Heidi Cullen wrote a book called “The weather of the future: heat waves, extreme storms, and other scenes from a climate-changed planet”. She dedicated a full chapter to New York City (227 – 259), predicts correctly what happened and looks at the future.
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In her book she also makes a forecast for the Sahel Re-greening Initiative in 2015 and in 2022 (p. 81-82). Her forecast for 2015 is that “through support of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and OXFAM America, the re-greening initiative has spread across the Sahel”. Well…let’s hope this promising forecast will come true. Our re-greening partners don’t have the financial resources to meet the demands for expansion of activities to other provinces or districts. <p><p>
<b>The next update
</b><p>The next update will be published end January 2013, or sooner in case there is a good reason to do so. The accent in that update will be on information about on-the-ground activities by field partners and about the <a href="http://www.W4RA.org">Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa.
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<i>An agroforestry parkland just south of Arba Minch in Ethiopia, which is dominated
by Moringa stenotepala
</i>Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-38670633319572823032012-04-25T11:31:00.003+02:002012-04-25T11:51:55.642+02:00ARI UPDATE 2012 NO.4 BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR REGREENING IN AFRICA
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The latest update mentioned that the Kantche district in Niger, which has a high population density and high on-farm tree densities, produced a grain surplus of almost 14.000 tons in 2011. This is lower than in preceding years, but still of interest.
It appears that also the region around Bankass in Mali, which has a vast young agroforestry parkland, has produced a grain surplus in 2011. The figure mentioned is 50,000 tons. It remains to be verified, but any surplus in 2011 is good.
It goes without saying that despite an overall surplus in a region, many families will experience hardship in 2012.
Nevertheless, these examples are bright spots in a situation in the Sahel characterized by major cereal deficits.
Question is…can these surpluses be attributed to the new agroforestry parkland? It’s a question to be explored, but it is likely.
<p>
<b>The Beating the Famine Conference in Nairobi (10 – 13 April 2012)</b>
This conference was organized jointly by World Vision and the World Agroforestry Center. The almost 200 participants (development workers, policymakers, researchers, journalists) assessed the current experience with farmer-managed regreening, looked at the multiple impacts of regreening and got some practical training in how to prune. The participants came from Kenya, Uganda (including the Ministers of Agriculture and of Planning), Ethiopia, Tanzania, Niger, Tchad, Puntland…..
Many journalists from the region interviewed participants and the “Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen” (Second German TV channel) had a short item in its evening news about the conference.
Information about the conference can be found at www.beatingfamine.com
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An informal partnership to promote re-greening</b>
On Saturday 14 April a number of people, representing the World Agroforestry Centre, African Forest Forum, World Resources Institute, World Vision Australia, Center for International Cooperation Free University Amsterdam, met to discuss the conference and its follow up and they established an informal partnership pledging to work together to promote re-greening in order to develop an Evergreen Agriculture in Africa. One of the drivers is the growing awareness that a dangerous scenario is now unfolding in parts of Africa, which may lead to structural famine in the next decade. This point has been made in earlier updates….soil fertility is depleting in many areas, rainfall is becoming more erratic and more extreme, more long dry spells occur during the rainy season. In combination, these trends are depressing crop yields in a context of often rapid demographic growth. At the same time, cereal prices are reaching record highs again, which creates hardship for the urban poor, but also for small farmers who do not produce enough to cover family food needs. The world food stocks are low, which means it cannot be taken for granted that food deficits can be covered by food aid.
“Business-as-usual “is no longer an option. The informal partnership discussed a mix of measures for sustainable intensification, comprising the building of new agroforestry systems through farmer-managed regreening, the introduction of simple water harvesting techniques in semi-arid regions (400 – 800 mm rainfall), which increase the quantities of water available to crops and to trees, and the use of small quantities of inorganic fertilizers ideally in those situations where agroforestry has already increased the quantity of organic matter in the topsoil. The efficiency of fertilizer use is determined by the soil organic matter content (SOM), which also has a positive impact on the water holding capacity of the soil.
Let’s briefly present here those who participated in this meeting.
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<b>Roland Bunch</b>
is an agro ecologist and author of “Two Ears of Corn: A Guide to People-Centered Agricultural Improvement”. He has served as Head of the Department of Rural Development at the Pan-American Agricultural School of Honduras, as the Director of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods for World Neighbors, a US-based NGO working in integrated rural development and as Co-Founder and former Coordinator of COSECHA (Association of Consultants for a Sustainable, Ecological and People-Centered Agriculture) in Honduras. He has consulted widely in three continents and is renowned for promoting sustainable, "people-centered" agriculture, including "farmer-to-farmer extension" and "participatory technology development" methodologies.
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<b>
Dennis Garrity</b>
is Distinguished Board Research Fellow and former Director General of the <a href="http://www.worldagroforestry.org/">World Agroforestry Centre</a>. He has recently been designated as UNCCD Drylands Ambassador, and is involved in a global effort examine unconventional ways of creating more productive and environmentally sound farming systems. He chairs the Steering Committee for Landcare International, was previously the Regional Coordinator of the Southeast Asia Programme of the World Agroforestry Centre (Bogor, Indonesia) and was agronomist and Head of the Agroecology Unit at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. He has a Ph.D. in crop physiology (University of Nebraska).
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<b>Larwanou Mahamane</b>
is Senior Programme Officer at African Forest Forum. Formerly a research scientist in the Forestry Department at “Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger” (INRAN), he joined the University of Niamey as a lecturer and research scientist in 2006. In Niger he conducted research in forestry and agroforestry, developing agroforestry technologies for improving parkland systems in the Sahel. He has published many articles in peer reviewed journals and coordinated many scientific collaborative projects. Dr Larwanou obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Forest Ecology/Agroforestry (University of Ibadan, Nigeria) and his Ph.D. (University Abdou Moumouni of Niamey) in 2005.
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<b>
Chris Reij</b>
is a Sustainable Land Management specialist of the Centre for International Cooperation, VU University Amsterdam and a Senior Fellow of the World Resources Institute in Washington. He works in Africa since 1978 and is currently facilitator of “African Re-greening Initiatives”, which supports farmers to adapt to climate change and to develop more productive and sustainable farming systems. The approach of this initiative is to expand the scale of existing successes in re-greening (agroforestry, participatory forest management) by individual farmers and communities.
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<i>Tony Rinaudo interviewed by the press during the Beating the Famine conference </i> <p><p>
<b>Tony Rinaudo</b>
is involved in the development and promotion of agricultural-forestry-pastoral systems across a range of environments. Tony previously spent 18 years in Niger (1980 – 1998) managing a long term agricultural development program and he catalyzed the process of re-greening in Niger’s Maradi Region in 1985. He has recently given training courses in farmer-managed re-greening in Senegal, Ghana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Indonesia and East Timor.
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<b>Robert Winterbottom</b>
is Director Ecosystem Services at the World Resources Institute (WRI), Washington, D.C. He has worked in reforestation in Burkina Faso; desertification control planning with the Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS); institutional strengthening for improved coordination of natural resource management (NRM) in Niger; community-based NRM in Namibia; integrating environmental governance and poverty reduction through natural resource based enterprise development in Senegal and Bangladesh; assessing needs and opportunities for climate change adaptation in Madagascar and Vietnam and in preparing the Tropical Forestry Action Plan (World Bank, UNDP, FAO and WRI). He earned a M.Sc. (Forest Science) from Yale University.
We will create opportunities to jointly design projects and programs.
The individuals mentioned above agreed to form an informal partnership, but the regreening movement is much bigger. Let’s present a few more partners.
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<b>Assefa Tofu</b>
is the NRM advisor of World Vision Ethiopia (WVE) and a driving force behind WVE’s regreening activities. The picture shows Assefa Tofu giving conference participants some hands on training in selecting stems for removal and in pruning.
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<b>Abasse Tougiani </b>
, who is a researcher attached to Niger’s National Agricultural Research Institute, has been based for many years in Maradi where he cooperated closely with Tony Rinaudo and with the IFAD-funded project in Aguié, which is successfully promoting regreening by farmers.
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<b>Gray Tappan </b>
of the US Geological Survey’s EROS (Earth Resources Observation and Science) Center in South Dakota is a geographer who specialized in remote sensing of land use and vegetation. He made and continues to make invaluable contributions to our understanding of long term changes in vegetation. The satellite images Gray has provided of the same villages for different periods have helped convince many people that parts of the Sahel are now greener than 20 – 30 years ago.
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<b>Mathieu Ouedraogo</b>
(on the left) is the regreening coordinator of African Regreening Initiatives in Burkina Faso. He began his career in the early 1980s when working for the OXFAM-funded Agroforestry Project in the Yatenga region, which was one of the most innovative water harvesting projects. On the right prof. Adam Toudou, regreening coordinator in Niger, dean of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Niamey.
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<b>Mary Allen Ballo</b>
is an environmental scientist by training, executive secretary of SahelECO, and ARI regreening coordinator. She has worked for more than two decades in Mali and has made SahelECO one of the leading environmental NGOs of the country.
These are just some of the regreening champions. In future updates some more partners/champions will be shown.
The next ARI update will be published either just before the visit by a delegation from Nigeria to Southern Niger (June 4 – 7) or shortly after it.
Recent French updates can be found on: <a href="http://www.reverdir-afrique.com">www.reverdir-afrique.com</a>Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-24714221261923749542012-03-08T11:36:00.009+01:002012-03-08T12:11:03.343+01:00FOOD SECURITY AND WATER IN AFRICA’S DRYLANDS<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PqKQBpYrBGg/T1iQhpgI64I/AAAAAAAAAJs/hncMsRKftD8/s1600/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B1.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PqKQBpYrBGg/T1iQhpgI64I/AAAAAAAAAJs/hncMsRKftD8/s400/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5717478634697583490" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">A dense stand of Piliostigma reticulatum on fields in the Konni department of Niger (January 2012).Their pods are good fodder for livestock and also serve as famine food. They are perceived to improve soil fertility. In the background a number of trees, which have been pruned and developed a trunk and a canopy. In the foreground very young and dense Piliostigma bushes that capture a lot of fine and fertile dust moved by the harmattan winds. </span> <br /><p><br />The international media are drawing our attention to the food crisis, which is emerging in the Sahel. They express the fear that the Sahel is facing a crisis similar to the one recently experienced in the Horn of Africa. The 2011 rainy season in the Sahel was characterized by low and irregular rainfall and in some regions also by crop pests. In November 2011 it was estimated that Niger alone would have a food deficit of almost 600,000 ton. The indication is that not all areas in Niger are equally affected by shortages in cereal production. A map produced by the Famine Early Warning Systems (FEWS) in September 2011 indicated that the predicted shortages seemed to be less severe in some areas of Southern Niger with high density on-farm trees. <p><br />Using some funds from the International Fund for Agricultural Development available for developing a national policy dialogue around re-greening, two researchers from the University of Niamey (Prof. Yamba Boubacar and Mr. Sambo) undertook a quick study in five villages in the Kantché department (Southern Zinder) to look at re-greening and food security. On February 24 they forwarded a first draft report. They did a survey among 197 farm households, but they also looked at some national statistics. Let’s start with the latter. The data of the National Committee for the Prevention and Management of Food Crises and the Famine Early Warning Systems in Niger indicate that the Kantché Department (350,000 inhabitants) systematically produced a cereal surplus since 2007 and also in 2011. <p> <br />2007 + 21,230 ton<br />2008 + 36,838 ton<br />2009 + 28,122 ton<br />2010 + 64,208 ton<br />2011 + 13,818 ton<p><br />Is it a coincidence that this area with high population densities and high on-farm tree densities produces cereal surpluses? Can it be due to other interventions? Can it be that this area received a bit more rainfall and/or had a slightly better distribution of rainfall? What we can say at this stage is that the surplus is not due to other interventions. It also true that most of this area has high density young agroforestry parkland strongly dominated by Faidherbia albida, a nitrogen fixing species, which helps maintain and improve soil fertility. Although the Kantché department as a whole produced a cereal surplus in 2011, the poorest farmers will still be facing food shortages. <p><br />The information in the draft report also shows that the poorest households often derive significant income from their on-farm trees in the form of fodder, firewood, fruit and leaves part of which is sold on the market. Trees are an important source of farm income. Yamba and Sambo mention, for instance, that the sale of leaves from a single mature baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) generates an income of 27 US $ to 75 US $ depending on when the leaves get on the market. This income alone allows the owner of the baobab(s) (often women) to buy 75 to 175 kg of cereals on the market. In parts of the Mirriah department (Zinder Region), baobab is the dominating species and one finds many mature, but also young baobabs. <p> <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Why do farmers invest in trees? </span> <br />Yamba and Sambo asked farmers why they protected and managed on-farm trees. They could provide more than one answer, but the dominating answer was (58%) for soil fertility and for food (25%). Farmers (men and women) across the Sahel are very worried about declining soil fertility and are ready to do everything to reverse a decline in soil fertility and certain tree species are perceived to improve soil fertility (Faidherbia albida, Piliostigma reticulatum, Combretum glutinosum, Guiéra senegalensis).<br /><p><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Some conclusions about agroforestry </span><br />1. On-farm trees increase and stabilize access of farm households to food. They reduce the risk of crop failure and even if crops fail, the trees provide other forms of income that allow farmers to buy expensive cereals on the market. <br />2. Average cereal yields under agroforestry in Niger remain low (usually about 450 kg/ha or more depending on soils, soil fertility management and groundwater level) and the use of modest doses of inorganic fertilizers is required to significantly increase yields.<br />3. Tree litter helps maintain or improve soil fertility by increasing the organic matter content of the soil, which improves the efficiency of fertilizer use and the water holding capacity of the topsoil. Trees first and micro doses of fertilizers next.<br />4. A recent study has shown that in certain situations trees can also decrease cereal yields, but the study did not indicate under which conditions. None of the farmers in the new agroforestry parklands in Niger, Mali and Burkina has ever mentioned this. Even if this would be the case, the multiple benefits of the tree capital outweighs a loss in cereals. If this were not the case, the farmers would cut the on-farm trees.<br /><p> <br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YiezvIKijfs/T1iQVVKATVI/AAAAAAAAAJg/DTI1zlV9gTo/s1600/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B2.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YiezvIKijfs/T1iQVVKATVI/AAAAAAAAAJg/DTI1zlV9gTo/s400/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5717478423077604690" /></a><br /><p><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">This picture of an old agroforestry parkland dominated by shea trees (Vitellaria paradoxa) and néré (Parkia biglobosa) in Mali shows that the vegetation on the communal fields has been destroyed for the production of charcoal for the capital Bamako. However, no one touches a single tree in the parkland. Tree densities are high and the canopy cover is significant. This may lead to lower cereal yields, which is very likely more than compensated for by the value of the products produced by these trees. </span> <p><br /><br />5. Although not everybody will readily believe it, when young trees are pruned, they develop a trunk and a canopy, and the prunings produce twigs that women can burn in their kitchen and the leaves add to the organic matter content of the soil. Trees produce benefits quickly and depending on species, rainfall and altitude can grow rapidly. <br /><p> <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Water harvesting, groundwater recharge, small-scale irrigation and trees</span><br />The rural population in most drylands is rapidly increasing in absolute numbers, which makes it essential not only to increase food production and improve access to food, but also to increase the availability of water for the growing human population, but also for their livestock and for small-scale irrigation. This requires that available rainfall and runoff is captured and stored as much as possible in the soil. <br /><p><br />We have a lot of anecdotal evidence of local increases in groundwater after the introduction of simple water harvesting techniques, like planting pits, half moons, contour stone bunds and low water spreading dams. They all force rainfall and runoff to slow down and infiltrate into the soil. ARI update 2012 no.2 tells the story about the village of Batodi in Niger’s Illéla department, which experienced a significant increase in water levels in their wells since they introduced planting pits and half moons in the early 1990s. The cereal crops in this village largely failed in 2011, but there are now 10 vegetable gardens in the village (0 in 1994). It will be a harsh year for many farm households, but without the investments in water harvesting it would have been a lot harsher. Similar stories can be told for the Northern part of Burkina Faso’s Central Plateau and for villages in Tigray (Ethiopia).<br /><p><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TZPgCLIrZnw/T1iQJTmY9qI/AAAAAAAAAJU/mml35sITncQ/s1600/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B3.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-TZPgCLIrZnw/T1iQJTmY9qI/AAAAAAAAAJU/mml35sITncQ/s400/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5717478216501360290" /></a><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YS2f9GtbNC0/T1iP-0IqESI/AAAAAAAAAJI/gwlPb7tgJ5g/s1600/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B4.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YS2f9GtbNC0/T1iP-0IqESI/AAAAAAAAAJI/gwlPb7tgJ5g/s400/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B4.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5717478036256461090" /></a><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-quD4AAQOlFs/T1iPuPh6CgI/AAAAAAAAAI8/CzdGhWAA_3s/s1600/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B5.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-quD4AAQOlFs/T1iPuPh6CgI/AAAAAAAAAI8/CzdGhWAA_3s/s400/ARI%2Buptdate%2Bmarch%2Bpic%2B5.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5717477751552346626" /></a><p><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Natural regeneration on degraded slopes in combination with stone walls forces rainfall and runoff to infiltrate, which leads to groundwater recharge and expansion of irrigation in valleys and to the emergence of permanent springs (Tigray, Ethiopia).</span><br /><p><br />We have a lot of anecdotal evidence, which taken together point to a plausible relationship between water harvesting and local groundwater recharge, but this is obviously one of the gaps in our knowledge that needs to be filled.<p><p><p><p><p><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Conclusion</span><br />It is vital to create more productive and drought resilient farming systems in the Sahel and in the Horn of Africa to increase food production and improve soil fertility. Expanding agroforestry and developing water harvesting systems to recharge groundwater are vital first steps. There is no time to lose.Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-37790727745739990262012-01-25T15:37:00.022+01:002012-01-26T14:33:24.169+01:00Update no. 2: Impressions of Niger in January 2012<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nSMjc1tcPyw/TyFRwFaCY2I/AAAAAAAAAIw/_floVN3xtHU/s1600/plaatje.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 225px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nSMjc1tcPyw/TyFRwFaCY2I/AAAAAAAAAIw/_floVN3xtHU/s400/plaatje.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701928489754714978" /></a><br />This picture was made on January 19, 2012 in the Adouna valley (Tahoua Region, Niger). The valley is about 40 km long and has a Faidherbia albida dominated parkland on about 40,000 ha. In some places the parkland is very dense and it has a good mixture of trees in all age classes. The crop residues shows that all the land between the trees is cultivated. Groundwater in this valley is fairly low and soils are quite fertile. This partially explains why this parkland is in such a good shape. Several long low dams have been built across the valley floor, which force runoff to infiltrate. Higher groundwater levels have allowed the expansion of irrigation. If the irrigated area is 1500 ha and the average yield of onions is 20 ton/ha, then this valley alone already produces 30,000 tons of vegetables. <br /><p><br /><br />One of the first major events in 2012 would have been a study visit by a delegation from Nigeria to Southern Niger. This delegation would draw lessons from re-greening in Southern Niger for agroforestry policy and practice in Nigeria. The Heinrich Böll Foundation in Abuja had composed an extraordinary delegation of about 30 participants representing policymakers from all 12 states bordering Niger, researchers, NGOs, staff of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture. Unfortunately the visit had to be postponed at the last minute due to the general strike in Niger, which led to the closure of banks, gas stations and the border between Nigeria and Niger. Together, we will start looking for a new date.<p><br />The visit was postponed just upon our arrival in Niger, so it was decided to anyway make a field visit to the Dosso, Maradi, Zinder and Tahoua Regions. <br /><p><br />Let me share with you some pictures and impressions. <br />The purpose of the visit to the area around Dogon Kiria (Dosso region) was to look at re-greening activities just started in this “commune” under a project managed by Both Ends and funded by the Netherlands-based Turing Foundation. A major indicator of farmer-managed re-greening is that suddenly one can see everywhere in the fields young trees that have been pruned. The area where this is happening has about 350 mm rainfall and is at the edge of where cultivation is possible. The young pruned trees show that the process has begun.<br /><p><br />A visit to parts of the Maradi and Zinder regions is always a source of inspiration. It is where farmers have built new agroforestry parklands on 5 million ha. Let me tell you about some new impressions. <br /><p><br />Inter-village institution building for land rehabilitation and re-greening<br />Not far from the small town of Illéla (Maradi Region) water harvesting techniques (half moons) are used to successfully rehabilitate barren degraded land. This is not new in itself, but what is new is that this is done jointly by a number of villages and they have set rules for the protection and management of the trees planted in the half moons and those that emerged spontaneously (see picture 2). Villagers use bicycles to police the rehabilitated area and they have developed sanctions for those who don’t respect the rules. This activity was initiated by the IFAD-funded PPILDA project. It would be very useful to analyze and document this experience as it is one of the few examples of successful inter-village institution building for land rehabilitation and re-greening. <br /><p> <br /><strong>Introducing farmer-managed re-greening in primary schools</strong><br /><p>As Abasse Tougiani explained, it is important to involve school children in re-greening and the children of the school shown in picture 3 know about the role of trees in reversing land degradation and they have been trained to prune trees. These kids will soon receive a delegation of school children from another village and they will inform and train them in re-greening. This was the first time that I’ve seen farmer-managed re-greening introduced into the curriculum of a primary school. Looking at the enthusiasm of the children, it is obvious they have become champions. <br /><p><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-44JzEKIMoqI/TyFRl-2yCYI/AAAAAAAAAIk/aAKLYyxDWcg/s1600/Picture%2B2.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 225px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-44JzEKIMoqI/TyFRl-2yCYI/AAAAAAAAAIk/aAKLYyxDWcg/s400/Picture%2B2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701928316197538178" /></a><em>Barren degraded land rehabilitated collectively by a group of villages in the Illéla department.</em> <br /><p><p><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q-tEimEtI2A/TyFRaqEFlEI/AAAAAAAAAIY/QcYQr08L6Bo/s1600/Picture%2B3.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 225px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q-tEimEtI2A/TyFRaqEFlEI/AAAAAAAAAIY/QcYQr08L6Bo/s400/Picture%2B3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701928121637639234" /></a><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><br /><strong>Large-scale regeneration of baobabs in the Mirriah department (Zinder Region)</strong><br />Although Southern Zinder is dominated by young agroforestry parkland, there are also significant areas where other trees dominate. Around the small town of Mirriah one finds vast areas with baobabs in all age classes. Picture 4 shows a dense stand of fairly old trees, which produce valuable leaves and fruit. The owners of the trees often sell the leaves on the tree to young men, who harvest them, put them in bags and sell the leaves in regional markets. It is said that baobabs in the Sahel barely regenerate, but they do so at significant scale in the Mirriah department, but also in the Yatenga region of Burkina Faso. <br /><p><br /><em>School children have become champions of re-greening</em><p><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_S0coP6aPvg/TyFRMGacPjI/AAAAAAAAAIM/0aGdFLm5KPY/s1600/Picture%2B4.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 225px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_S0coP6aPvg/TyFRMGacPjI/AAAAAAAAAIM/0aGdFLm5KPY/s400/Picture%2B4.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701927871549554226" /></a> <br /><em>An impressive stand of baobabs close to Mirriah</em> <p><br /><br /><strong>New agroforestry parklands and locally rising groundwater levels in the village of Batodi (Tahoua Region)</strong><br />After having travelled through the 42 km long Adouna valley, we decided to make a quick visit to the village of Batodi, which I had visited several times between 1989 and 1994, then again in 2004 and for the last time in 2006. In 1990 this village was surrounded by a vast expanse of barren degraded land and with the support of an IFAD-funded soil and water conservation project villagers had timidly begun to rehabilitate barren degraded land using “zaï”. Sitting down with villagers in 1991, I joked: <br />“ can I buy some degraded land to rehabilitate it with zaï”. Their reaction was…”no you can’t ..if someone sells land we’ll buy it ourselves”. This I how I coincidentally stumbled across the fact that a land market had emerged and that people were buying and selling degraded land using simple water harvesting techniques to rehabilitate it. <br /><p><br />When I got back to Batodi in November 2004 after not having visited the village for a decade, the first thing they said was…” <span style="font-style:italic;">the water level in our wells is now only at 4 m depth, and it was at about - 18 m when you were here last time</span>”. The higher level of water in the wells allowed women start a vegetable garden. As 2004 was a drought year (less than 200 mm rainfall in this area), the vegetable garden was vital to women. They sold the vegetables on the market and their families consumed what they could not sell. The number of vegetable gardens in this village had increased from 2 in 2004 to 10 in 2012. Picture 5 shows one of these vegetable gardens.<br /><p><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hZX1Lwp0K2Q/TyFQ40MG3hI/AAAAAAAAAIA/NJF6Lt0irBc/s1600/Picture%2B5.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 225px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hZX1Lwp0K2Q/TyFQ40MG3hI/AAAAAAAAAIA/NJF6Lt0irBc/s400/Picture%2B5.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701927540240080402" /></a><em>Onion is the most popular vegetable grown in the village of Batodi, like in many other places in Niger.</em> <br /><p><br />The question arises as to how this increase in groundwater levels can be explained? We looked at two wells at the end of the day and water was at 4 – 6 m deep and it is apparently at about 3 – 4 m early in the morning before they begin irrigating. Is it increased rainfall? Interestingly, 2004 was a drought year and so was 2011. This makes it unlikely that increased rainfall has caused local groundwater level to rise. If increased rainfall would be the major causal factor, then also other villages would experience a rise in groundwater levels and that is not the case. A much more likely explanation is that the systematic rehabilitation of degraded land using water harvesting techniques, which forces rainfall and runoff to infiltrate has led to a local recharge of groundwater. <br /><p><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ppoq59V2H08/TyFQmbsNuqI/AAAAAAAAAH0/61NWTcefuZc/s1600/Picture%2B6.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 225px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ppoq59V2H08/TyFQmbsNuqI/AAAAAAAAAH0/61NWTcefuZc/s400/Picture%2B6.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701927224426216098" /></a><br /><em><p><p><br />The agroforestry parkland in Batodi is young and in parts dominated by Piliostigma reticulatum, which provides fodder for livestock. The picture shows a field that was completely barren 20 years ago. The densities are variable, for instance, tree densities in the background are much higher.. Farmers made it clear to us… higher densities are good for the crops.</em> <br /><p><br /><strong>Agroforestry parkland and food security</strong> <br />2012 will be a very difficult year in various parts of the Sahel. The food deficit of Niger is estimated to be more than 500,000 tons. Within a few weeks, the results of a study will be available, which explores the relationship between farmer-managed natural regeneration in Southern Zinder and household food security. If all goes according to plan, the next ARI update will report the major findings of this study.<br />The next ARI update will be written as soon as the results of the above-mentioned study will be available.<br /><p><br />You can find more information about ARI and related projects on the <a href="http://www.W4RA.org">Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa.</a>Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-7163056569655640222012-01-12T22:31:00.008+01:002012-01-12T23:06:17.684+01:00HIGHLIGHTS OF 2011 AND PERSPECTIVES FOR 2012 - ARI update 1<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rbh6yzuBziI/Tw9TeoYP1WI/AAAAAAAAAGg/LUjapoMQdDM/s1600/chrisblog1.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 296px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rbh6yzuBziI/Tw9TeoYP1WI/AAAAAAAAAGg/LUjapoMQdDM/s400/chrisblog1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696863839347266914" /></a><br /><br /><br /> <br /><span style="font-style:italic;"><br />The Badaguichiri valley in Niger was in the 1980s and 1990s scarred by a big gully,<br />which rapidly drained most rainfall and runoff. Since the building of long and low dams across the valley floor and the introduction of simple water harvesting techniques on the surrounding plateaus, the situation has improved significantly. This picture shows a well developed agroforestry landscape. The faidherbida albida trees look greyish as they don’t have leaves in the rainy season. Sorghum and millet benefit from the nitrogen fixation by faidherbida albida. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">HIGHLIGHTS OF 2011: A SELECTION</span><br /><br />1. African Re-greening Initiatives (ARI) wants to build on and expand the scale of existing successes in farmer-managed re-greening in drylands. The message that the protection and management of trees and bushes, which emerge spontaneously, is a low cost and efficient form of agricultural intensification, is increasingly getting across. <br /><br />2. A visit to the Seno Plains in Mali confirmed that farmers protect and manage trees which emerge on their farms. They do so at a large scale and most trees are young. Gray Tappan of the US Geological Survey was asked to look into the scale of these new agroforestry parklands. His analysis of high resolution satellite images revealed medium to high on-farm tree densities on 450,000 ha, which is much more than anyone imagined. Until Gray Tappan established the scale, it was assumed that about 18,000 ha had been re-greened. <br /> <br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-16NiLPfggM4/Tw9YiYdU9AI/AAAAAAAAAHc/ot-UU9VQXTk/s1600/chrisblog2.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 289px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-16NiLPfggM4/Tw9YiYdU9AI/AAAAAAAAAHc/ot-UU9VQXTk/s400/chrisblog2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696869401351222274" /></a><br /> <br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">The young agroforestry parkland on Mali’s Seno Plains. This picture was taken end March 2011, which is way into the dry season. Nevertheless, vast quantities of crop residues were still stored on the fields. <br /></span><br />3. The re-greening partners in Burkina Faso (Reseau MARP and its partners) and in Mali (SahelECO) and its partners are building a movement around farmer-managed re-greening and they undertake a wide range of activities, including the organisation of farmer-to-farmer visits, visits for national and regional policymakers as well as technicians. They get documentaries on national TV, but also show these in village meetings. They organize groups that discuss agroforestry policy and legislation. <br /><br />4. The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) approved a two year grant for “Supporting Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration in the Sahel”. This will allow us to develop a national policy dialogue around farmer-managed re-greening in Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger. Besides the policy dialogue, two more activities are included under this grant. The first is a study on the socioeconomic impacts of agroforestry systems in the Sahel, which is implemented by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). The second is the production of 12 mini-documentaries about successful adaptation to climate change in Afrca’s drylands. These documentaries will be ready by mid-2012. <br /><br />5. In November a start was made with the formulation of a national re-greening strategy and action plan for Niger. This process will be finalized early in 2012. This activity is funded under the IFAD project mentioned under 4.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kWjdEwb92u0/Tw9Yo98JezI/AAAAAAAAAHo/okjkQVyNxtM/s1600/chrisblog3.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 304px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kWjdEwb92u0/Tw9Yo98JezI/AAAAAAAAAHo/okjkQVyNxtM/s400/chrisblog3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5696869514491820850" /></a><br /><br /> <br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Southern Zinder (Niger) has many small depressions surrounded by sandy dunes (wetlands in drylands). Farmers grow a large variety of crops and trees in these depressions, which include sugar cane, rice, date palms, vegetables, fruit trees (papaya and mango). On the surrounding sand dunes, the number of Faidherbia albida is increasing. </span><br /><br /><br />6. The Web Alliance for Re-greening in the Sahel (www.W4RA.org) is increasingly operational. In November, the first version of a newly developed voice-based Radio Marché system was tested in Mali. Radio Marché will be used by SahelEco and by two community radio stations in Segou and Tominian.Radio Marché has been developed in close collaboration with the end-users, who actively contribute in its development. It is based on mobile voice and web technologies. It has been designed to automatically generate voice communiqués of market information, which can be broadcasted on the radio. <br /><br />7. More good news from the web alliance. In November the W4RA was informed that it had won the International Press Institute contest. The proposal, to deploy innovative voice services for the empowerment of radio journalists in Mali, who work for community radio stations promoting Re-greening Initiatives in the Sahel, has been selected amongst 376 proposals. From the 376 proposals submitted, only 3 received a grant. The project will run during 12 months, starting in 2012.<br /><br />8. In September, Chris Reij visited Nairobi to explore the possibilities for a re-greening initiative in Kenya and to build stronger links with the World Agroforestry Centre (see ARI update 2011 no.6). There’s an exceptional opportunity for promoting farmer-managed re-greening in Kenya as it is the only country in Africa, which has included I its constitution that all farmers should have 10% of their land under trees. Protecting and managing spontaneous regeneration on-farm and off-farm is an interesting option for Kenya’s drylands. <br /><br />9. The working links with the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) are increasingly stronger. Invaluable support was provided during the September visit to Nairobi and close contacts are maintained with Dennis Garrity, until recently DG of ICRAF and the driving force behind its Evergreen Agriculture Initiative. <br /><br />10. Tony Rinaudo of World Vision Australia is another driving force behind re-greening. In June Tony Rinaudo, Gray Tappan and Chris Reij visited the Kaffrine area in Senegal where World Vision Senegal is promoting farmer-managed re-greening. Several farmers from the Kaffrine area visited Niger 4 years ago and upon return they began protecting and managing spontaneous regeneration. Re-greening now takes place on about 40,000 ha and intensification in existing areas and expansion to others is certain. <br /><br />11. In 2011, Tony Rinaudo also successfully trained farmers in such diverse countries as (Northern) Ghana, Tigray (Ethiopia), East Timor and East Sumba (Indonesia). In Tigray the regional government is now institutionalizing farmer-managed re-greening. Tony will be asked to produce a next ARI update as soon as he has time in his busy schedule. The message is spreading to other parts of the world.<br /><br />12. In September, Chris Reij made a presentation at the World Resources Institute in Washington (www.wri.org) World Resources Institute (WRI) is one of the driving forces behind a new Global Partnership for Forest Landscape Restoration. This partnership wants to restore 150 million ha of degraded forests till 2020. That’s a bold target, which requires bold action. A link will be built between this partnership and African Re-greening Initiatives. <br /><br />13. The documentary “ The man who stopped the desert” made by Mark Dodd about the life, innovations and impact of Yacouba Sawadogo, farmer innovator in Burkina Faso, won 7 awards in 2011 (www.1080films.co.uk). On December 12, Yacouba received a national decoration (Chevalier de l’Ordre de Mérite Nationale). <br /><br />14. LucGnacadja, the Executive Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, invited Yacouba Sawadogo and Mathieu Ouedraogo to join a special day at the Caux Forum on Human Security in Switzerland, which was dedicated to discussing the restoration of the Earth’s degraded lands (www.cauxforum.net). About 250 participants from 50 countries watched the documentary, which triggered many positive reactions.<br /><br />15. Yacouba Sawadogo hit the spotlight in 2011 as he was also invited to speak in October at a special session of the Conference of Parties of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification held in Changwon (South Korea). During the opening session of this Conference of Parties, UN Secretary General Ban Ki moon specifically mentioned Yacouba and his work.<br /><br />16. The media continued to pay attention to farmer managed re-greening. Articles were published, amongst others, in: The New Yorker (Dec. 19&26), Le Monde Diplomatique (November), The Nation (November) Our Planet, which is UNEP’s flagship publication (September), Ökotest (December) as well as a special issue Environment and Energy published in August, Bild der Wissenschaft (August), Welt am Sonntag (March 27), Suddeutsche Zeitung (October 31) and Daily Telegraph (July 15). This media exposure acts as counterweight against the usual doom and gloom stories published about drylands. <br /><br />17. The re-greening movement is building and the number of champions is increasing. Just to give some examples. In September, Roland Bunch (www.rolandbunch.com), who authored the famous book “Two Ears of Corn: a guide to people-centered agricultural improvement” mentioned his support for re-greening and a willingness to get involved. In the same month Groundswell in Ghana (www.groundswellinternational.org) expressed its interest in developing re-greening in Northern Ghana and they will mobilize their own funding. <br /><br /><br />Perspectives for 2012 <br /><br />1. Key in 2012 will be…let’s catalyze more on the ground action…and let’s develop dialogues with national and international policymakers around re-greening. The financial support by FINHUMF and the IFAD grant for 4 countries in the Sahel will help us to continue pushing forward.<br /><br />2. A national re-greening workshop will be organized in Ethiopia early in 2012 about re-greening successes in this country. The Government of Ethiopia intends to reforest 15 million hectares and to plant 100 million fertilizer trees (Faidherbia albida). The objective of the workshop will be to try to feed some lessons into national policy and practice. The workshop will be co-organized by the Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre, FAO and FarmAfrica.<br /><br />3. A regional workshop on re-greening will be organized by World Vision early April in Nairobi. Tony Rinaudo will spend 3 months in this region to visit partner and provide training.<br /><br />4. The national re-greening strategy and action plan for Niger will be assessed in a national workshop early this year. There is no reason why this national strategy should not become operational in 2012.<br /><br />5. Closer links will be forged not only with World Resources Institute and the Global Partnership for Forest Landscape Restoration, which I now tend to call more simply…Global Re-greening Initiative, but also with Evergreen Agriculture, World Vision Australia and with other re-greening initiatives. <br /><br />Finally I would like to thank all of you who have directly or indirectly provided support to re-greening under ARI. I wish you a healthy and inspirational 2012. Let’s together try to make the world a bit greener to improve food security, adapt to climate change, reduce rural poverty, alleviate the burden of women and girls have who collect firewood, increase the fodder available to livestock, maintain or improve soil fertility, increase biodiversity, restore ecosystem services. Resource users can do it themselves, but sometimes they need a bit of external support…not necessarily money, but new ideas and new experience. There is no other intervention that produces so many benefits at such low costs. Let us catalyze more action. Your involvement in this process is vital. <br /><br />Chris Reij<br />January 6, 2012Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-56543471163582098252011-10-20T16:47:00.003+02:002011-10-20T16:59:26.668+02:00News from the United Nations Conference to Combat Desertification in South Korea<strong>Looking to the Sahel for Lessons in Pushing Back Deserts </strong><p>Article by Stephen Leahy<br /><p><br />CHANGWON, South Korea, Oct 17, 2011 (IPS) - Nearly all our food comes from the Earth's limited food- producing lands, but those lands continue to be degraded, guaranteeing far higher food prices and less food in the future, experts warn.<br /><br />But degradation and desertification can be halted and reversed, as evidenced by once barren parts of Africa's dry Sahel Region that are now green and thriving thanks to local efforts.<br /><p><br /><a href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=105491">read more</a>Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-41431525874551482992011-10-07T12:13:00.003+02:002011-10-07T12:25:40.494+02:00ARI update 7: October 2011<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mm0ckoQ91o8/To7Tkob6eMI/AAAAAAAAAGY/Y-by1gqtf_c/s1600/WangariMaathai.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 394px; height: 338px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mm0ckoQ91o8/To7Tkob6eMI/AAAAAAAAAGY/Y-by1gqtf_c/s400/WangariMaathai.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5660694407934539970" /></a><br />Wangari Maathai (April 1, 1940 – September 25, 2011)<br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Wangari Maathai</strong><br />From September 5 – 16 I was in Nairobi to meet with the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), the Green Belt Movement and many other organisations. Almost everyday I travelled to and from my hotel to ICRAF…and every time I looked at a piece of beautiful and diverse forest in the city. The driver explained that it is the Karura Forest and he said..”it’s still there because of Wangari Maathai…in the 1990s the forest was given to developers who wanted to build big houses, but Wangari Maathai resisted this development”. On my way to the Kenyan Forest Research Institute, a driver made a similar remark about another forest.<br /><p><br />Later I understood that resisting the developers meant that she was beaten up badly and even had to be hospitalized, but as soon as she got out of the hospital, the first thing she did was to go back to the forest to continue action….that’s courage…and she, and those who supported her,…won the battle.<br /><p><br />She will always be remembered because she created the famous Greenbelt Movement, which planted tens of millions of trees in Kenya’s Highlands and she won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004, because of her relentless work not only for the environment, but also for democracy, peace, women’s rights and empowerment of the poor.<br /><p><br />On September 23 I had the privilege to be in a meeting with Prof. Karanja Njoroge, the Executive Director of the Green Belt Movement, during which he unveiled a plan for creating a Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies at the University of Nairobi. I assume that funding will be mobilized to create this institute in memory of Wangari Maathai. One thing is certain…with or without this institute, she will continue to live in the hearts and minds of many people in and outside Africa for who she was, for what she did and for the difference she made.<br /><p><br /> <br /><strong>Exploring a re-greening initiative in Kenya</strong> <br /><br />Many parts of Kenya’s highlands have high on-farm tree densities and Grevillea robusta is a common species. Kenya is the only country in the world that has a Constitution which requires farmers to have 10% of their land under trees. Kenya has its successful Green Belt Movement…so why go to Kenya to explore a re-greening initiative? <br /><p><br />The answer to this question is that almost all re-greening in Kenya is concentrated on planting of trees in the Highlands of Kenya and much less on Kenya’s drylands (about 80% of the country). Very little attention is paid to the potential of promoting on-farm and off-farm re-greening through the protection and management of natural regeneration. <br /><p><br />This visit could not have come at a better moment as the Ministries of Agriculture and of Environment have started reflections about how to implement the 10% rule. <br /><br />Dennis Garrity, DG of ICRAF till September 16, and his staff, provided all possible support to make this visit a success. Without their support much less would have been achieved. Meetings were held amongst others with:<br /><br />- Prof. Margaret Kamar (Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology)<br />- Dr. Linah Jebii kilimo (Assistant Minister for Co-operative Development and Marketing)<br />- Dr. Wilson A. Songa (Agriculture Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture)<br />- Eng. J.A. M. Nkanya (Agricultural Engineering Service, Ministry of Agriculture)<br />- Mr. Wafula Mutoro (Head of Soil Conservation and Fertility Branch, Min. of Agriculture) <br />- Mrs. Janet A. Oyuke (Head Agroforestry, Ministry of Agriculture)<br />- Dr. Ben Chikamai (Director Kenya Forestry Research Insititute)<br />- Dr. Phanuel Oballa (Asst. Director Kenya Forest Research Institute)<br />- Prof. Karanja Njoroge (Executive Director Green Belt Movement)<br />- Mr. Mounkaila Goumandakoye (Director Africa UNEP)<br />- Dr. Mahamane Larwanou (African Forest Forum)<br />- Dr. Bashir Jama (Director Soil Health Program, AGRA)<br />- Mr. Lawrence Kiguro (Associate Director World Vision Kenya)<br />- Mr. Henrik Brudin (Regional Director SCC-Vi Eastern Africa)<br />- Mr. George Onyango (Deputy Regional Director SCC- Vi Eastern Africa) <br /><p><br />All showed a keen interest in natural regeneration to build new agroforestry systems and to restore degraded natural forests. The impact of this visit is probably that farmer-managed natural regeneration will be on the table as an option for Kenya’s Arid and Semi-Arid Lands. <br /><p><br />The next step will be a regional meeting in Kenya on re-greening, which will be organized by World Vision. Tony Rinaudo of World Vision Australia plans to be in the region from March – May 2012. His visit will include practical training in farmer-managed natural regeneration. All persons met during this visit in first half of September will receive the ARI updates and will be informed about the regional conference in March 2012.<br /><p><br />In the week of September 12 – 16, ICRAF had its Science Week, which meant that most ICRAF researchers were in Nairobi. This provided an extraordinary opportunity for discussion with researchers in-between meetings in town. It was possible to meet regularly with Dennis Garrity, who after having done two terms as DG of ICRAF will now become responsible for ICRAF’s Evergreen Agriculture Initiative, Phil Dobie (policy advisor), Moctar Touré (senior fellow), Ermias Betemariam (landscape ecologist), and many others.<br /><p><br /><strong>The re-greening movement is expanding</strong><br />Met in Nairobi with Roland Bunch, the author of “Two Ears of Corn” (www.rolandbunch.com). Roland worked for many years on cover crops in central America and is now very worried about declining soil fertility in many parts of Africa. Roland recently visited the on-farm re-greening in Mali’s Seno Plains and wants to join the ARI movement, which is very good news, because he brings with him vast experience and a big network. <br /><p><br />At the same time a message arrived from CIKOD-Groundswell in Northern Ghana (www.groundswellinternational.org) with the request…can we join the re-greening movement? We want to promote re-greening in Northern Ghana and will try to mobilize our own funding. My reaction…yes, of course…you make my day. More about this in the next update.<br /><p><br /><strong>Networking about farmer-managed re-greening in Washington (September 20 – 23).</strong><p>Presentation at the World Resources Institute on September 21 about “Expanding re-greening successes in Africa’s drylands to increase food security and reduce poverty” <br /><p><br />Multiple meetings at World Resources Institute with Bob Winterbottom (Director Ecosystem Services), Edward Cameron (Director International Climate Initiative), Nigel Sizer (Director Global Forest Initiative), Lars Laestadius (Senior Associate) and Manish Bapna (Interim President). <br /><p><br />Presentation at World Bank TerrAfrica of “The man who stopped the desert” followed by discussion. About 30 persons attended, including Mary Barton-Dock, Director Environment, Martin Bwalya, Head of the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and Paola Agostini of TerrAfrica and Regional GEF coordinaotor. The documentary was followed by a lively exchange about the role of farmer innovation and about farmer-managed re-greening. <br /><p><br /><em>Mary Barton-Dock subsequently stated the following:</em><p><br />This film is a wonderful piece of storytelling that recounts many critical lessons in the pursuit of economic and environmental sustainability in the Sahel. Yacouba's thriving farm and forest -- and the land rehabilitated by others he inspired -- show that individual champions and local communities can achieve much. But the film also shows that these remarkable achievements need to be underpinned by a strong policy and institutional environment, such as enforceable local resource rights and government accountability.<br /><p><br />A follow-up presentation/meeting will be scheduled early in 2012.<br /><p><br />Presentation at US Agency for International Development about “How can USAID help feed the future”. This presentation, which was organized by natural resource management specialists Chris Kosnik and Mike McGahuey, was also attended by 3 staff of the Food Security Bureau. It was followed by a meeting with Christian Holmes, USAID’s Global Water Coordinator, who suggested at the end of the meeting that he would like to visit the farmer-managed re-greening /new agroforestry parklands in the Sahel and he felt that was presented should be brought to the attention of the USAID Administrator. <br /><p><br />A meeting at the Global Environment Facility with senior environmental specialist Mohamed Bakarr to discuss where re-greening/agroforestry can be presented in the upcoming Conference of Parties of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification in October in South Korea. <br /><p><br />During the different presentations in Washington, it was emphasized that resource users protect and manage natural regeneration for many reasons. One is that it helps them build more productive and more drought resilient farming systems. To farmers it is the lowest cost way of intensifying agriculture. One of the main benefits to women is that it reduces the time required for collection of firewood as they can now prune on-farm trees rather than walk many miles to search for some shrubs. <br /><p> <br /><br /><strong>“The man who stopped the desert”</strong><p><br />Since the beginning of 2011 this documentary about the life, innovations and impacts of farmer innovator Yacouba Sawadogo has won 4 awards: <br /><br />February 2011 Special Jury Award at International Forest Film Festival (USA)<br />May 2011 8th Award at International Audiovisual Festival of Biodiversity (Rome)<br />August 2011 Best sustainability message at 10th Japan Wildlife Film Festival<br />September 2011 Sapphire award Montana Cine International Film Festival<br />and in April/May the film has been shown 4 times at France 5.<br /><p><br />Mark Dodd (www.1080films.co.uk), who made the documentary, is now developing a scenario for a more general documentary about the multiple impacts of re-greening/agroforestry.<br /><p><br /><strong>Web Alliance for Re-greening Africa (W4RA)</strong><p><br />The 4 minute clip below explains the tools that the Web Alliance for Re-greening Africa is now developing to increase access of resource users to relevant information about re-greening and its impacts. It is essentially about linking mobile phones and rural radios. The tool has already been tested in Mali and a wider roll out will be tried in Mali in November. If it works then it can be used at a much larger scale to spread info about farmer-managed natural regeneration as well as on the natural regeneration of degraded forests. <br /><p><br /><a href="http://vimeo.com/29659533">W4RA film</a><p>Given the ambitious re-greening/forest landscape restoration initiatives now emerging, the strategic importance of this work by the Network Institute of VU University Amsterdam and the Web Foundation of Sir Tim Berners-Lee is increasing. <br /><p><br /><strong>Media attention for re-greening</strong><p><br /><a href="http://www.unep.org/pdf/op_sept_2011/EN/OP-2011-09-EN-ARTICLE6.pdf">An article </a>in the September issue of UNEP’s flagship publication….One Planet. This issue of One Planet was published just before a special session on September 20 of the UN General Assembly about desertification. <br /><p><br /><br /><br />The German science magazine “Bild der Wissenschaft” published <a href="http://www.bild-der-wissenschaft.de/bdw/bdwlive/heftarchiv/index2.php?object_id=32674710">an article </a>in its August issue.<br /><p><br /><br />It should also be mentioned here that all African Ministers of Agriculture met in South Africa in the week of September 12….about Climate Smart Agriculture. The document specifically prepared for this meeting contains a case study about re-greening in Niger and its cover page shows a Faidherbia albida parkland in Tanzania with a beautiful stand of crops under the trees. The message is increasingly getting across that agroforestry is a vital pillar in improving food security, increasing drought resilience of production systems and reducing rural poverty. <br /><p><br /><strong>Tony Rinaudo of World Vision Australia and his partners</strong><p><br />Tony is relentlessly promoting farmer managed natural regeneration and he is organizing training workshops from Ethiopia to Ghana and from Sumba (Indonesia) and East Timor to Senegal. More attention will be paid to his work in the next updates. Below some pictures of a training workshop in Tigray (Ethiopia) earlier this year, which included practical as well as theoretical training.Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-70371651789101211962011-07-28T13:58:00.008+02:002011-07-28T14:45:19.502+02:00Advocacy and networking on regreening<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YOVKo0NjZeM/TjFY2jQg5bI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/C-pv0dYMOas/s1600/Yacouba%2Band%2BLuc%2Bin%2BCaux%2B2011.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YOVKo0NjZeM/TjFY2jQg5bI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/C-pv0dYMOas/s400/Yacouba%2Band%2BLuc%2Bin%2BCaux%2B2011.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5634382303017887154" /></a><br /><p><br /><em>On the right Luc Gnacadja, Executive Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification and on the left Yacouba Sawadogo, farmer innovator from Burkina Faso, who is the key person in the documentary “The man who stopped the desert”. They met in Caux (Switzerland) on July 15 during a full day special event on “restoring Earth’s degraded land reversing man-made deserts, reviving agricultural land”</em> <br /><p><br /> <br /><strong>Special event at the 4th <a href="http://www.cauxforum.net/">Caux Forum </a>on Human Security in Switzerland.</strong> <br />On July 15 about 250 participants from 50 countries attended a full day special event during the Caux Forum on Human Security in Switzerland. Clare Short, former UK Secretary of State for International Cooperation introduced the day and Luc Gnacadja, Executive Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification made a challenging presentation about reversing man-made deserts using as title: “Soil, so much depends on so little”. The presentation can be found at www.unccd.int under a section about the Caux Forum.<br /><br />Since 1980 Yacouba Sawadogo improved traditional planting pits or zaï, a technique that has since then been used to rehabilitate tens of thousands of hectares of strongly degraded land in the Sahel. He is the key person in the multiple award winning documentary “<a href="http://www.1080films.co.uk/Yacoubamovie/">The man who stopped the desert</a>”. The French and the English version of this documentary were shown simultaneously and deeply impressed and moved all participants.<br /><p><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PlEu6P_lWak/TjFXhmnSlGI/AAAAAAAAAGA/HttLzl4rd3g/s1600/Yacouba%2Band%2BMathieu%2BCaux%2B2011.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PlEu6P_lWak/TjFXhmnSlGI/AAAAAAAAAGA/HttLzl4rd3g/s400/Yacouba%2Band%2BMathieu%2BCaux%2B2011.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5634380843629843554" /></a><br /><p><br /><em>The question and answer session at the Caux Forum after the documentary was shown. On the left Yacouba Sawadogo and on the right Mathieu Ouedraogo, coordinator of the re-greening initiative in Burkina Faso.</em> <br /><p> <br />Among the participants were not only farmers, development specialists, human rights lawyers and activists, energy specialists, documentary makers, diplomats and politicians, but also two distinguished journalists: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Shankar_Jha">Mr. Prem Shankar Jha </a>from India and Mr. Geoffrey Lean from the United Kingdom. Mr. Jha is a prolific author and continues to publish frequently in the Hindustan Times and other journals. Mr. Geoffrey Lean is the UK’s most senior environmental journalist. During the Caux Forum he produced an article, which was published in the business section of the Daily Telegraph on Saturday 16 July entitled: “<a href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/author/geoffreylean">The earth can’t afford to lose any more ground</a>”. This article mentions re-greening in Niger.<br /><p><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6reAOxbp9v4/TjFWVknXhvI/AAAAAAAAAF4/1Y1VEtjbVy8/s1600/Journalists%2BCaux%2B2011.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6reAOxbp9v4/TjFWVknXhvI/AAAAAAAAAF4/1Y1VEtjbVy8/s400/Journalists%2BCaux%2B2011.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5634379537423238898" /></a><br /><p><p><p><br /><em>On the left Mrs. Chau Duncan, Australia’s Trade Commissioner for Clean Energy and Environment. In the middle Mr. Prem Shankar Jha and on the right Mr. Geoffrey Lean.</em> <br /><p><p><br />During an informal meeting of a small group of environmental specialists, Mr. Jha described how millions of hectares of degraded areas in India still have underground root systems which offer possibilities for natural regeneration. His analysis showed striking similarities with the analysis by Tony Rinaudo of World Vision Australia for parts of Niger where underground root systems were an important source of re-greening. <br /><p><br />Participation in this special event generated many new contacts as well as invitations to expand ARI to Tchad, Rwanda, Uganda and other countries. As a starter all new contacts will receive the ARI updates. <br /><p><br /><strong>Advocacy in Mali</strong><br />From 19 – 22 June, a small delegation of representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture, farmer organisations and NGOs, led by the Vice President of the “Haut Conseil des Collectivités Locales” visited six field sites to get first hand information from farmers about their experience with the protection and management of natural regeneration. They were impressed by the transformation that has occurred and by the multiple impacts generated by the increasing number of on-farm trees. The delegation was accompanied by radio, TV and press. <br /><p><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QGUr-eOGYro/TjFYnczG84I/AAAAAAAAAGI/RV61wyHYXKg/s1600/foto.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QGUr-eOGYro/TjFYnczG84I/AAAAAAAAAGI/RV61wyHYXKg/s400/foto.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5634382043585901442" /></a><br /><p><br /><em>The Vice-President of Mali’s « Haut Conseil des Collectivités Locales « presents a gift to Mr. Zié Diakité, a farmer from the village of Diénina, who distinguished himself in the 2010 agroforestry competition. On the right, Mr. Mamadou Diakite of SahelECO and in the middle (with camera) Mr. Mamadou Lamine Coulibaly of the national coordinating body of Mali’s farmer organisations (CNOP)</em> <br /><br /><p><br /><strong>Ethiopia</strong><br />Interesting news from Ethiopia is that Prime Minister Meles Zenawi seems to have stated recently that the re-greening of Ethiopia will form one of the three key pillars for Ethiopia to achieve a Green Economy. PM Meles Zenawi represented Africa during the Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009. It is highly significant that he specifically mentions re-greening as a key pillar. We hope to provide more details in one of the next updates. <br /><br /><p><br /><strong>Building drought resilient production systems in the Horn of Africa: a key challenge</strong><p>All media are now reporting on an almost daily basis about the drought and famine in Somalia and parts of Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda. The articles highlight human suffering on an increasing scale. The costs of food aid are estimated to be more than one billion euro. Slowly but surely awareness is emerging that it may cost less to develop more drought resilient production systems at scale than to cope with famine and its impacts.<br /><p><br />The Government of Kenya is taking steps to implement a policy that requires all farmers in Kenya to grow trees on ten percent of their cultivated land, which may be easier in Kenya’s highlands than in its drylands. A major challenge will be to improve range management to make livestock systems more drought resilient and to reduce conflicts between herders as well as between herders and farmers.<br /><p><br /><strong>The IFAD-funded project on “Support to Re-greening in the Sahel”</strong><br />As mentioned in the previous update, the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) organized a workshop in Bamako early June about the methodology of a study on the economics of agroforestry in the Sahel. Filming 12 cases of successes in adaptation to climate change has begun and contracts are established with partners in four Sahel countries: Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, who will be responsible for developing national policy dialogues around re-greening. <br /><p><br /><strong>Web Alliance for Re-greening Africa (W4RA</strong>)<br />Here you can find a <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mE0h_jMNG0Q&feature=youtu.be">6 minute clip </a>posted on July 8 on Youtube, which explains the work of the Web Alliance for Re-greening Africa. <br /><br /><p><br /><strong>Some next steps</strong><br />1. A visit to Kenya is planned for early September to present the IFAD-funded project “Support to Re-greening in the Sahel” and to explore possibilities for developing a re-greening initiative in Kenya.<br /><p><br />2. As soon as possible, but certainly before the end of 2011, a discussion note will be produced about the development of national strategies for re-greening. The target group for this note will be national and international policymakers. It should give them a set of practical steps to quickly expand the scale of re-greening in drylands and sub-humid regions, which will help build more productive and drought-resilient farming systems. <br /><p><br /><strong>The next update </strong>will appear by the end of September … unless there is a reason to share information earlier.Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-63309266056484115542011-06-27T09:49:00.010+02:002011-06-27T10:13:59.295+02:00ARI Update 5 June 2011<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vk3aO6ffI_0/Tgg7fuiL0XI/AAAAAAAAAFw/dQX4KuXUkpk/s1600/Activity%2BReport%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B1.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 294px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vk3aO6ffI_0/Tgg7fuiL0XI/AAAAAAAAAFw/dQX4KuXUkpk/s400/Activity%2BReport%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B1.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5622809551025459570" /></a><br /><p><br />Farmer-Managed Re-greening in Kaffrine (Senegal) began in 2008<p><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JWvOgn6gUio/Tgg7XgwshsI/AAAAAAAAAFo/xV3sTU4xInU/s1600/Activity%2BReoprt%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B2.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 292px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JWvOgn6gUio/Tgg7XgwshsI/AAAAAAAAAFo/xV3sTU4xInU/s400/Activity%2BReoprt%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B2.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5622809409889273538" /></a><br /><p><br />This field is adjacent to the one above; most cultivated land in the Saloum region of Senegal is barren or has low on-farm tree densities (see point 2)<br /><p><br /><strong>1. World Desertification Day (June 17)</strong><br />On the occasion of World Desertification Day (June 17), the Secretary General of the United Nations formulated a message, which contained the following paragraph: <br /><p><br />“The management, conservation and sustainable development of dry forests are central to combating desertification. The ongoing greening of the Sahel and other success stories around the world show that degraded lands can be reclaimed by agroforestry and other sustainable practices. We need to scale up these interventions and disseminate their results widely”. <br /><p><br />This is exactly what African Re-greening Initiatives tries to do and the message of Secretary General Ban Ki-moon encourages all involved to persevere and expand activities.<br /><p><br /><br /><strong>2. Farmer-managed re-greening in the Kaffrine area (Senegal)</strong><br />The Kaffrine area is part of Senegal’s Saloum region (Southeast of Dakar), which has low on-farm tree densities. This is the heritage of policies in the 1960s and 1970s to expand mechanized cultivation in Senegal’s peanut basin. The removal of trees and their stumps was subsidized in those days in order to create large treeless fields. In combination with cutting trees for charcoal production, this caused a large-scale degradation of vegetation. World Vision Senegal began doing so in 2008. The number of species protected and managed by farmers is limited. The main species concern Piliostigma reticulatum (for fodder and improvement of soil fertility) and Guiera senegalensis (firewood and fodder). <br /><p> <br />Every year World Vision Senegal sends a delegation of 22 farmers and staff to Niger to look at and learn from farmer-managed natural regeneration in that country. During the field visit it became quite obvious that farmers who participated in those study visits behave differently. They don’t burn Guiera senegalensis to enrich the soils, but they prune it and use the leaves as mulch, which attracts termites and improves soil structure (see picture below).<br /><p><br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ajWRzfQr7y8/Tgg7N6bg2RI/AAAAAAAAAFg/FD_p14OgW-8/s1600/Activity%2BReport%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B3.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 294px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ajWRzfQr7y8/Tgg7N6bg2RI/AAAAAAAAAFg/FD_p14OgW-8/s400/Activity%2BReport%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B3.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5622809244981057810" /></a><br /><p><br />The scale of on-farm natural regeneration, which is still in its early stages, now concerns about 30,000 ha, but this includes some areas where densities are still low. However, some key conditions are united for rapid expansion of agroforestry in this region. These include high population densities, sandy soils, low on-farm tree densities and fairly good rainfall (about 700 mm) compared to areas in Niger and Mali where farmer-managed re-greening has already taken place on a large scale (about 500 mm).<br /><p><br />The indications are that in 2010, cereal yields were significantly higher on cultivated land with young agroforestry systems than on fields without. This needs to be confirmed by longer-term monitioring. <br /><p><br /><strong>3. Agroforestry systems in Europe</strong><br />It can be argued that agroforestry represents the agriculture of the future as it produces “multiple wins”: enhancing food security, adapting to climate change, improving drought resilience, sequestering carbon, increasing biodiversity, etc. <br /><p> <br />It is interesting to note that agoforestry systems are also found in Europe. For instance in Spain and Portugal millions of hectares are covered by centuries old agroforestry systems, which continue to be maintained. They are largely based on two species of oak, including cork oak, but also on olive trees. Tree densities are often 40 trees per ha or more and under these trees farmers grow cereals or fodder grass. Extensive livestock grazing, which produces high quality meat, is part of this production system. The two photos below show a valley and hills in Spain’s Extremadura region with dense agroforestry and cattle grazing under the trees,where they benefit from fodder and from shade in this warm climate. <br /><p><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UE0xPidT2_c/Tgg68QRwi9I/AAAAAAAAAFY/vjRz3E-gszU/s1600/Activity%2BReport%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B4.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 299px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UE0xPidT2_c/Tgg68QRwi9I/AAAAAAAAAFY/vjRz3E-gszU/s400/Activity%2BReport%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B4.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5622808941608078290" /></a><br /><p><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pq_yWWnUH_o/Tgg6RQBnQ_I/AAAAAAAAAFQ/4wTER873pME/s1600/Activity%2Breport%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B5.JPG"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 298px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pq_yWWnUH_o/Tgg6RQBnQ_I/AAAAAAAAAFQ/4wTER873pME/s400/Activity%2Breport%2BJune%2B11%2Bpict%2B5.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5622808202805986290" /></a><br /><p><br /><strong>4. World Agroforestry Center workshop in Bamako</strong><br />From June 6 – 8, the World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) organized a workshop in Bamako about the research methodologies that will be used to study the socioeconomic impacts as well as the costs and benefits of agroforestry systems in the Sahel. This is one of the three components of an IFAD grant to support re-greening in the Sahel. The workshop also identified research partners and made a first selection of potential research sites. <br /><p><br /><strong>5. First Africa Drylands Week in Dakar</strong><br />From June 13 – 17, the first Africa Drylands Week was held in Dakar. This Drylands Week (about 150 participants) was organized by a wide range of organizations: FAO,the Great Green Wall, the Earth Institute of Columbia University, etc. Many presentations were made on a wide range of themes relevant to dryland development. One aspect that transpired during the presentations and discussions is that the interest in farmer-managed re-greening and evergreen agriculture is increasing strongly. This is partly due to the fact that conventional tree planting has often produced disappointing results. A next update will provide a link to the report as soon as it becomes available.<br /><p><br /><strong>6. Preparation of field visit by a delegation from Nigeria to Niger</strong><br />During the workshop on agroforestry in Niger held in January 2011, the idea emerged to organize a field visit by a delegation from (Northern) Nigeria, which has in quite a few places low on-farm tree densities, to the new dense agroforestry parkland of Southern Niger. The partners in Niger are willing to organize a workshop and a field visit. Dr. Chinwe Ifejika Speranza, a Nigerian climate scientist, is a driving force behind this initiative. She has contacted the Heinrich Böll Stftung in Germany, which is willing to fund the cost of the Nigerian delegation. This workshop is likely to take place at the end of 2011. <br /><br />Our hope is that it will lead to a re-greening initiative in parts of Northern Nigeria, which is urgent for many reasons. <br /><br /><p><br /><strong>7. Advocacy</strong><br />Many opportunities emerged during the last two months to present farmer-managed re-greening in Africa’s drylands and its multiple impacts. These included presentations at the First Africa Drylands Workshop (June 13), at USAID Dakar (June 16) on “how can USAID contribute to feed the future in Africa’s drylands?, at the occasion of a workshop of the Dutch Knowledge Network “ Sustainability, Climate and Energy” (June 23) on Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa’s Drylands: from research to action; at the Sustainable Foods Summit in Amsterdam (June 23) on Sustainable Innovations and Climate Change in Africa’s Drylands.<br /><br /><p><br /><strong>8. Expansion of African Re-greening Initiatives: how can you contribute?</strong>Both in Burkina Faso and in Mali, the re-greening partners are receiving requests to expand their activities to other regions or provinces. At present the partners in Burkina Faso are working in 6 provinces and their plans are to expand to 10 provinces. The partners in Mali receive similar requests for expansion. They just organized a so-called caravane with national decision makers to the large-scale re-greening in the Seno Plains. <br /><br />The partners in Niger have just organized study visits for farmers in the Dogon Doutchi region to Maradi. <br /><br />Besides expansion within the existing countries, possibilities to expand ARI to Kenya will be explored. More about this as well as about Niger and Ethiopia in the next update.<br /><br /><strong>9. Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa (W4RA)</strong><br />W4RA is developing and testing its tools. Below you’ll find the link to a short trailer about their field visit in January 2011. <br /><br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gX5nc_Wf6GA">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gX5nc_Wf6GA</a><br /><br /><strong>10.Final remark</strong><br />This update began with a quote from Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and it ends with a quote from a woman farmer in Senegal, which was on June 21 shared by Tony Rinaudo:<br /><br /> <br /><p> <br /><strong>Female lead farmer from Kaffrine (Senegal) who went to Niger </strong>Thousands of projects have come through here but this SFLEI ( Senegal Food and Livelihood Enhancement Initiative) there is no comparison, if we are the judges. We have nothing but our environment. Since we started working with Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration we have already started seeing the benefits that we have not seen with any other project. The type of benefits we see pushes me sometimes to leave my home and just walk through my field to appreciate the trees and environment. When things get to where they need to be, we will see more yields and the path will be clear. <br /><p><br /><br />The next update will be produced around end July.Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-11157362520948388272011-05-09T12:42:00.015+02:002011-05-09T13:54:42.472+02:00Update nr. 4<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NaRuYgN1aF8/TcfNjDsz7YI/AAAAAAAAAEY/ZcKIAUsLezs/s1600/blog%2B3.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5604674263458246018" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 295px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NaRuYgN1aF8/TcfNjDsz7YI/AAAAAAAAAEY/ZcKIAUsLezs/s400/blog%2B3.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><em>This update begins with a story about the scale of re-greening on Mali’s Seno Plains between the escarpment of the Dogon Plateau and the border with Burkina Faso. This picture shows high tree densities and older trees close to the escarpment. When we look beyond a band with low tree density, a sea of trees can be seen in the distance stretching across the plains. Gray Tappan of USGS-EROS has now uncovered the scale of re-greening. </em><br /><br /><p><br /><br />How did this agroforestry parkland emerge?Just a few remarks and observations:<br /><br />a. SahelECO and its predecessor SOS Sahel UK have promoted farmer-managed re-greening since the middle of the 1990s.<br /><br />b. The radio station of Bankass was used to spread the information about the new forestry law of 1995.<br /><br />c. An increase in rainfall since the middle of the 1990s probably supported the process of regeneration, but as we know from Niger….human management is a more decisive factor in re-greening than rainfall. The process of re-greening in Niger began a decade before the increase in average rainfall and Northern Nigeria has much lower tree densities than Southern Niger despite higher rainfall.<br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7FB892pP15U/TcfNbMP22_I/AAAAAAAAAEQ/yTEqNWxPFGs/s1600/blog%2B1.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5604674128313768946" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 298px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7FB892pP15U/TcfNbMP22_I/AAAAAAAAAEQ/yTEqNWxPFGs/s400/blog%2B1.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br />d. Traditional institutions responsible for the management of trees (Barahogon and others) have been successfully revived in this region.<br /><br />e. SahelECO staff report that about 5% of the trees on the Seno Plains are older than 15 – 20 years and the large bulk of trees is younger.<br /><br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HfF-CfxPH80/TcfN0wbNDEI/AAAAAAAAAEg/3hDDKT33CHc/s1600/blog%2Bmap.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5604674567521766466" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 385px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 400px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HfF-CfxPH80/TcfN0wbNDEI/AAAAAAAAAEg/3hDDKT33CHc/s400/blog%2Bmap.jpg" border="0" /></a> <em>Source: Gray Tapan USGS-EROS</em><br /><br />f. Gray Tappan notes that (1) one finds low densities of on-farm trees on another 175,000 ha; (2) the Seno Plains had high tree densities in the 1960s….they probably dwindled in the 1960s and 1970s and this U curve now shows an upward trend; (3) on the Plateau Dogon itself…interesting examples of high tree densities are found….but this was not part of the analysis.<br /><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nYflK9eO7ps/TcfNOu6t9NI/AAAAAAAAAEI/smsZoPxkpxo/s1600/blog%2B2.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5604673914282046674" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 302px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nYflK9eO7ps/TcfNOu6t9NI/AAAAAAAAAEI/smsZoPxkpxo/s400/blog%2B2.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><br /> <br /><br /><em>On the Dogon Plateau one finds cultivated fields with high densities of young Combretum not included in the data for the Seno Plains. It is not only good firewood, but women also gather the leaves and use it as manure in irrigated gardens. </em><br /><br />Conclusion: a major agro-environmental transformation has occurred during the last 15 – 20 years on the Seno Plains…its scale was unknown until now….Gray Tappan used high resolution satellite images to uncover the scale…more research needs to be done about the history, evolution and dynamics of this young agroforestry parkland. SahelECO and its partners continue to promote farmer-managed re-greening in this region and elsewhere in Mali. Where a set of conditions are united…it is possible to induce farmers to invest in on-farm trees and transform landscapes and production systems at scale.<br /><br />There is more good news to report.<br /><br /><strong>International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)</strong><br />The IFAD project about “support to re-greening in the Sahel” has now been signed by IFAD and by VU University Amsterdam and activities will now be started up (see ARI update 2011 no. ).<br /><br /><strong>World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)</strong><br />Dr. Dennis Garrity, DG of the World Agroforestry Centre, visited Amsterdam on May 1 and 2. Points on the agenda included: closer cooperation between ICRAF’s Evergreen Agriculture Initiative and African Re-greening Initiatives, which s likely to take shape in 2011; building a movement around Evergreen Agriculture and Farmer-Managed Re-greening; joint advocacy and research on impacts of re-greening.<br /><br />One of the immediate impacts of the visit by Dennis Garrity is that the Centre for World Food Studies of VU University Amsterdam will develop a research proposal on “ the impact of re-greening in Niger on food security” and the department of hydrology will develop a research proposal on “the impact of re-greening on surface and groundwater hydrology”.<br /><br />Dennis Garrity also mentioned that Evergreen Agriculture rapdly gets a higher profile in India. Prof. M.S. Swaminathan, the highly-respected father of the Green Revolution in India, published a book in 2010 “ From Green to Evergreen Revolution”. This book was officially launched by India’s PM. Under a new Evergreen Agriculture Initiative India plans to plant large numbers of “fertilizer trees”. More about this in future updates. It is quite likely that the protection and management of natural regeneration also has a potential for India.<br /><br /><strong>Ethiopia</strong><br />The Environmental Protection Agency seems interested in funding a project to protect and expand “church forests” or “belief system forests”, which are centuries old remnants of forests. They show what is called the climax vegetation. These small forests, which have a high biodiversity, risk to disappear due to gradual encroachment by farmers. The amount of funding is not yet known.<br /><br /><strong>Media attention</strong><br />The <a href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Innovative-African-Farmers-Find-Going-Green-More-Fruitful.html">Voice of America </a>recently had an excellent story about farmer-managed re-greening, which integrates different messages. <br /><br /><a href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Innovative-African-Farmers-Find-Going-Green-More-Fruitful.html"></a><br /><br /><strong>Upcoming events</strong><br />From 6 – 8 June a workshop will be held in Bamako to discuss the methodology for the ICRAF study about the socioeconomic impact in the Sahel.<br /><br />From 10 – 16 June, the First African Drylands Week will be held in Dakar. It is a contribution to the International Year of the Forests. One of its objectives is to exploit the knowledge developed in 3 decades of combating desertification and implementing sustainable land management to adapt to climate change and ensure sustainable development.<br /> <br />On April 23, the French TV station France 5 showed a 50 minute french version of the documentary “<a href="http://documentaires.france5.fr/documentaires/lhomme-qui-arreta-le-desert">The man who stopped the desert</a>”. It will be shown again on May 9. <br /><br /></p>Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-794357208782117252011-04-15T11:44:00.009+02:002011-04-15T13:55:36.573+02:00Update April 2011<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MvjuiF_AvhY/TagWxRcb5CI/AAAAAAAAADY/gvQE14UX7PY/s1600/ARIreport1.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 239px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MvjuiF_AvhY/TagWxRcb5CI/AAAAAAAAADY/gvQE14UX7PY/s320/ARIreport1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5595747572759913506" /></a><p><br /><br /><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bWsc3J3Znac/TagXCtsJ7-I/AAAAAAAAADg/EJZwy6alSnc/s1600/ARIreport2.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 237px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bWsc3J3Znac/TagXCtsJ7-I/AAAAAAAAADg/EJZwy6alSnc/s320/ARIreport2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5595747872399814626" /></a><p><p><p><br /><br /><br /><br /><em>The first picture shows an example of large-scale mechanized commercial <br />agriculture in Hawassa in Ethiopia’s Rift valley. In the distance on the right <br />hand side of the picture a tractor is ploughing the bare land. Two hours later <br />strong gusts of wind blew tons of topsoil from this ploughed field over lake<br />Hawassa (February 24, 2011). The owner of the land will have to apply <br />tons of fertilizers to compensate for the loss of fertile topsoil. No on-farm trees <br />to protect the land against wind and sun. It’s a clear example of unsustainable <br />agriculture.</em> <p><br /><strong>RE-GREENING AND AFRICAN FOOD SECURITY </strong><br />During my visit to Mali in the first week of April, I was told that the demographic growth rates for Mali had been revised upwards on the basis of a recent study. The assumption was that the growth rate was 2.2%, but the study showed that it is 3.6%. This means that Mali’s population will double in 20 years. Niger has a similar growth rate. The fact is that the population of many African countries will double in the next 20 to 25 years.<br /><p><br />At the same time rainfall is becoming more irregular and soil fertility is depleting in many areas because traditional soil fertility restoration techniques (fallow) can no longer be used. Fertilizer prices are soaring, world market prices for cereals are increasing, food security stocks are declining. The macro picture for the next 20 years is quite gloomy. It’s obvious that major action is urgently required to sustainably intensify African agriculture . <br /><p><br />Experience shows that farmers who have increased the number of on-farm (and sometimes off-farm) trees have not only improved household food security, but also adapted to climate change, maintained or improved soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and increased soil organic matter content, sequestered carbon in trees and soils, not only produced more food, but also more fodder and fuel . Agroforestry is not a silver bullet, other action is also required , but it is to all farmers the lowest cost pathway to sustainably intensify agriculture and the recurrent costs to governments and donor agencies are zero. <br /><p><br />Experience in Niger shows that it is possible to build new agroforestry systems at scale. The 5 million ha of re-greened land produces more food, fodder, fuel and many other benefits. It is estimated that the impacts of re-greening feeds an additional 2.5 million people . <br /><p><br />Many smaller and bigger examples in agriculture and in agroforestry in and outside the Sahel show that it is possible to expand the scale of existing successes . African Re-greening Initiatives has developed a strategy for building on existing successes, which it is trying to implement. The first indications are promising. <br /><p><br />Although the macro picture is gloomy and we seem to be heading into what Roland Bunch calls “a perfect storm” , it is not a fatality, but we can’t afford to delay substantive action, because climate change is already aggravating the problem . <br /><p><br /><strong>Re-greening in Burkina Faso </strong><br />During its first year the re-greening initiative involved 106 villages in 6 provinces. What we see happening in the second year is a ripple effect. Neighbouring villages request to be also involved. For instance, in Gnagna Province 6 villages have joined and in Sanmatenga province the number of villages increased from 12 to 22. The total number of villages involved now stands at 125. In addition to this there is growing pressure to expand to other provinces. After the official launch of the re-greening initiative on January 25, 2011, two provinces have officially requested to also be included. <br /><p><br />During meetings end March with key partners (Reseau MARP, Tree Aid, World Neighbours and representatives from local NGOs who operate as extension agents for re-greening at provincial level), it was decided to:<br /><p><br />1. now start a process of monitoring and evaluation and develop tools for self-monitoring and self-evaluation by resource users and a small team has already been created to undertake this work;<br /><p><br />2. intensify exchange and study visits by farmers and herders before the rainy season.<br /><p><br />The exchange and study visits will concentrate on villages within the same “commune” in order to maximize the number of participants and reduce costs. Nevertheless, it was deemed important urgent to organize a visit by farmers and herders from Soum province (the region around Dori) to the Seno plains in Mali where significant re-greening has occurred…and farmers from the Seno Plains could be invited to train farmers and herders in Soum province.<br /><p><br /><strong>The launch of “The man who stopped the desert” in Burkina Faso.</strong><p><br />On March 27 the documentary about the life and work of Yacouba Savadogo was shown in his village. About 500 villagers joined the event. The next evening it was shown in the open air cinema of Ouahigouya, the regional capital. Even more people attended that event. After the showing Yacouba was almost overrun by those who wanted to congratulate him. <br /><p><br />The link below is a 10 minute film which shows the events in the village and in the cinema. <br /><br />http://www.1080films.co.uk/yacoubamovie/<br /><p><br /><strong>Re-greening in Mali</strong><br />During a short visit to the Seno Plains around Bankass on March 29 my impression was that the scale of on-farm re-greening in this region is under-estimated. The numbers used tend be around 15,000 ha, but it is obviously much more. Gray Tappan of the US Geological Survey is now using satellite images to get to grips with the scale. The first results will be known within a few weeks. The pictures on the next page give some impression about the diversity of situations in the area around Bankass. <br /><p><br /><br /> <br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UGY2r8uy0Go/TagXTTgpCuI/AAAAAAAAADo/Fef6YW-xOHw/s1600/ARIreport3.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 243px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UGY2r8uy0Go/TagXTTgpCuI/AAAAAAAAADo/Fef6YW-xOHw/s320/ARIreport3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5595748157429975778" /></a><br /><br /><p><br />This field close to Endé has a young high-density stand of Combretum Glutinosum, which provides high quality firewood. Densities are up to 270 trees/ha. Farmers prune the trees in June in such a way that competition with crops is minimized. The trees also produce several tons of litter/ha as can be seen on this picture. The picture below shows a stand of high-density young Faidherbia albida. <br /><p><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ca-Lc0b476I/TagXqtzIUnI/AAAAAAAAAD4/QO9Ob4YqoiI/s1600/ARIreport5.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ca-Lc0b476I/TagXqtzIUnI/AAAAAAAAAD4/QO9Ob4YqoiI/s320/ARIreport5.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5595748559623836274" /></a><br /><br /><p> <br />Like in Burkina Faso, a ripple effect is taking place. In all areas that the re-greening initiative is working, new villages want to join. The initiative is now active in the regions of Mopti, Tominian and Segou and will soon expand to Koulikoro. In the Mopti region 300 farmers participated in a re-greening competition and the fields of all these farmers were visited and demarcated by a committee of composed of representatives of the technical services (agriculture, forestry…..). <br /><p><br />From the point of view of the promotion of farmer-managed re-greening, several positive, but also one negative development can be reported in Mali. The negative development is that Mali adopted a new forestry law in 2010, which does not mention agroforestry systems and natural regeneration. The new law is about repression and not about education. It is about deterring farmers to invest in on-farm trees rather than about inducing them to invest. The authorities recently decided to temporarily put the law on hold….as some protests against it turned violent. It is not unlikely that the new law will be adapted. <br /><p><br />A very positive development is that the new Strategic Investment Plan for Sustainable Land Management in Mali specifically mentions farmer-managed re-greening as a high priority. This certainly offers opportunities for developing a national strategy for re-greening and for increased investments in agroforestry.<br /><p><br /><strong>Re-greening in Tigray (Ethiopia)</strong><p>Tony Rinaudo and Rob Francis of World Vision Australia were in Tigray in March as a follow-up to a training workshop on farmer managed natural regeneration by Tony 8 months ago. Tony’s report mentions that the Bureau of Agriculture has decided to institutionalize famer-managed natural regeneration and integrate it into their normal programming. This is highly relevant as the Bureau is the driving force behind the large-scale re-greening in Tigray. This may ultimately lead to the sustainable management and exploitation of natural regeneration as well as planted trees in what is called enclosures (over one million hectares). If you want more info, please contact: tony.rinaudo@worldvision.com.au <br /><p><br /><strong>The Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa (W4RA</strong>)<p><br /><br />See previous update. The website for African Re-greening Initiatives is still under construction. A number of colleagues of VU University, World Wide Web Foundation and SahelECO will present a paper at the Web Science Conference in Koblenz (Germany) in June. <br /><p><br />Is (Web) Science Ready for Empowerment?<br />Issues of Scientific Method – Illustrated by a Demo Roadshow in West Africa<br />Hans Akkermans, Nana Baah Gyan, The Network Institute, VU University Amsterdam<br />Anna Bon, Wendelien Tuyp, CIS, VU University Amsterdam, Aman Grewal, Stéphane Boyera, World Wide Web Foundation, London/Toulouse, Mary Allen, SahelEco, Bamako, Mali<br />Extended Abstract Submission ACM Web Science Conference 2011, Koblenz, D, 14-17 June 2011<br />Abstract. The World Wide Web opens up many avenues for new research. Some of them (Web as observable phenomenon, Web as engineered technology) fall quite well within mainstream academic notions of research. This is much less so if we position the Web as an instrument for empowerment. Informed by our W4RA field research experiences in West Africa, we review issues of scientific research and methodology if it is to be relevant to issues of empowerment. Keywords: The pro-human Web, evolving technologies, knowledge production, Web futures<br /><p><br /><br /><br /><strong>A HERO</strong><p><br />Below you see the picture of Adama Kindo taken on March 28. He recently returned from Ivory Coast to the village of Bogoya (Burkina Faso). Adama lost an arm in a road accident in Ivory Coast, but using his left arm he just dug zaï on about a hectare and filled them with compost. Adama is determined to develop a diverse agroforestry system just as his cousin Ousséni Kindo has done since 1985 on an adjacent field of 4.5 ha. Ousséni Kindo and his family have been food secure since 1985. <br /><P><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oxPZGTCwp9I/TagXhPP0npI/AAAAAAAAADw/XHlqk3YheIE/s1600/ARIreport4.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 242px; height: 320px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oxPZGTCwp9I/TagXhPP0npI/AAAAAAAAADw/XHlqk3YheIE/s320/ARIreport4.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5595748396803858066" /></a><br /><br /><p><br /><strong>Media attention</strong><p><br />Below you’ll find a link to an article in major German newspaper “Welt am Sonntag”, which is about the Great Green Wall, but it also pays attention to farmer managed re-greening in Senegal and in Niger.<p><br /><a href="http://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article12986123/Gruene-Mauer-in-Afrika-soll-die-Sahara-stoppen.html"></a><br /><p><br />In about two months, the New Yorker ( a US weekly with 1.2 million subscribers) will have a substantial article about re-greening. We’ll come back to it when published.<br /><p><br /><strong>Upcoming events</strong><p><br />On May 2, Dr. Dennis Garrity, DG of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, will visit Amsterdam. That will be a new opportunity to discuss how to build linkages between ICRAF’s Evergreen Agriculture initiative and African Re-greening Initiatives. <br /><p><br /><br /><strong>Next update</strong><br />The next update will be produced around mid May. <br /><br />For more information about ARI please contact:<br /><p><br />Chris Reij<br />or Wendelien Tuyp (wam.tuyp@cis.vu.nl)<br /><p><br />For more information about the Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa (W4RA), please contact:<br />Anna Bon, ICT Consultant (a.bon@cis.vu.nl)Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-51593317785098697802011-03-29T12:12:00.010+02:002011-03-29T12:37:56.749+02:00UPDATE 2011 no.2<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K2SJA4Yzkgk/TZGzpBf5rmI/AAAAAAAAADA/8_izJr_bCHs/s1600/Foto%2B1%2B2011%2BARI%2B-%2Bupdate.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K2SJA4Yzkgk/TZGzpBf5rmI/AAAAAAAAADA/8_izJr_bCHs/s320/Foto%2B1%2B2011%2BARI%2B-%2Bupdate.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589446129901743714" /></a><br /><br /><p>An agroforest of <em>Moringa stenotepala </em>close to Konso, Ethiopia (February 28, 2011) <br /><br /><p>This second update of African re-greening Initiatives in 2011 begins with a brief overview of some of the re-greening activities by World Vision Australia. It shows how farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) is spreading to other countries and regions. Within World Vision Australia re-greening has at least two formidable champions: Tony Rinaudo (tony.rinaudo@worldvision.com.au) and Peter Weston (Peter.Weston@worldvision.com.au) In the mid-1980s Tony catalyzed the process of re-greening in Niger’s Maradi Region and he now travels to Ghana, Niger, Ethiopia, Cambodia and many other countries to train farmers and technicians in how to do it…If you want to know how farmer managed natural regeneration works in practice….then just google on “you tube Tony Rinaudo FMNR”<br />http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9DpptI4QGY<br />Peter Weston is program coordinator for Tchad, Senegal as well as for West Africa regional initiatives. He recently presented FMNR to an Australian Parliamentary Committee that advises and oversees Australia’s foreign policy.<br />This brief overview of World Vision’s re-greening activities is followed by information about several recent activities and developments. <br />Some examples of World Vision Australia supported re-greening<br />Senegal<br /><br />World Vision Senegal is currently conducting two, well resourced sister-projects in 10 districts around Kaffrine region, which is in the Senegal’s densely populated peanut basin. These followed on from a number of small pilot projects that built a body of experience in engaging farmers in the adoption of new agroforestry techniques. The projects combine promotion of FMNR, jatropha hedges and fruit trees with short-term food production 'accompaniments' and food for work programs. As a result of the previous lessons learned, interest and adoption of farmer-managed natural regeneration in particular and field hedging is spreading rapidly throughout the region. Within two years farmers have protected and managed FMNR on about 25,000 ha and they have hedged 612 ha with jatropha. A great emphasis has been placed on facilitating discussions about environmental sustainability with wider community groups beyond the farmer household heads, and mediating land user rights within and between communities and the Forestry Service to eliminate tree poaching.<br /><br /><strong>Niger</strong><br />World Vision Niger is long acquainted with FMNR due to its working relationship with agricultural missionary organisation: Serving-In-Mission (SIM). This small project is one addition to a long history of NRM projects for World Vision Niger. This small project intends to work with 5 districts in Zinder and Tahoua regions. The current project that commenced activities late in 2009 intends to complement existing FMNR activities with other agroforestry activities, namely to support local demand for moringa oleifera and ziziphus mauritiana, and to promote SIM's technique of 'Farmer-Managed Agroforestry System' (FMAFS) that delimits farmer fields with acacia colei to act as wind barriers, to fix nitrogen and provide a protein food supplement. This project is drawing on media promotion via radio emissions and the participatory development of agroforesty manuals in French, Hausa and Kanuri.<br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zd6DgY_PObo/TZGz98GQZPI/AAAAAAAAADI/SyyqwlWP-Yo/s1600/Foto%2B2%2B2011%2BARI%2BUpdate.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zd6DgY_PObo/TZGz98GQZPI/AAAAAAAAADI/SyyqwlWP-Yo/s320/Foto%2B2%2B2011%2BARI%2BUpdate.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589446489229255922" /></a><br /><br /><em>Rows of fast growing Australian Acacia colei close to Maradi (Niger). November 8, 2010. </em> <br /><br />A separate World Vision research project in Niger recently studied the potential market demand and value chain linkages for acacia colei seeds. A.colei is extremely dryland tolerant and its seeds are high in protein and micronutrients. The project found that market demand is still localised around areas already having a history of growing and consuming the seeds. Potential exists for wider market acceptance but would primarily be via pre-processed foods such as weaning foods, snack foods and the like, rather than unprocessed seeds. Increased acacia colei production is desirable from both a soil restoration and human nutrition perspective. But further adoption is constrained by the lack of market promotion presently, despite many market opportunities being identified.<br /><br /><strong>Chad</strong><br />Recently, World Vision Chad completed a pilot project that attempted to establish model farmers in 12 districts experiencing deteriorating forest cover and soil quality across Southern Chad. The project promoted FMNR, SIM's Farmer-Managed Agroforestry System (FMAFS), as well as well-known dryland fruit trees such as mangoes. Whilst the project did gain some local practitioner advocates, it also found that spreading such a project across 12 districts with limited staffing and budget was overly optimistic, and unable to gain any real traction in most locations. Consequently, a recently commenced follow-on project is intensifying the initiative in just two locations: one near Guelendeng and one near Doba.<br /><br /><strong>Ghana</strong><br />In 2010 a farmer delegation from Ghana visited re-greening in Burkina Faso and Mali. Building on the lessons from the projects in francophone West Africa, World Vision Ghana has commenced a FMNR project in the Upper East Region of Northern Ghana. Though only recently commenced, early indications are that farmers and authorities are enthusiastic about applying the technique, and appreciate the opportunity it presents to recover some of their lost local tree species and soil deficits.<br /><br /><strong>Mauritania</strong><br />World Vision Mauritania has started a small project in two districts of Brakna region that aims to work with 100 households to promote NRM techniques into household farming systems. It aims to reduce their climatic vulnerability by halting agricultural land degradation and biodiversity loss, and ultimately, increase household nutrition and incomes. The main techniques being shared are FMNR, hedging fields, and multi-purpose perennials.<br /><br /><strong>Mali</strong><br />World Vision Mali has started a small project working with 20 village communities around Kolokani. The project is trialling the use of various multipurpose agroforestry species including acacia colei, moringa oleifera, jatropha curcus, ziziphus mauritiana and citrus. The project also promotes FMNR in crop fields, and intends to work with communities and the Water and Forestry Service to review laws and practices that restrict the application of agroforestry.<br /><br />The focus of this brief overview is on what World Vision does across the Sahel to promote FMNR, but World Vision is also actively promoting re-greening in Ethiopia, Tanzania and several other countries. In Ethiopia the Humbo project is the first project in Ethiopia that is financed by the Carbon Development Mechanism. The Humbo project is about the promotion of natural regeneration of degraded forests (3,000 ha). If you google on Humbo Assisted Natural Regeneration you will find all info. World Vision partners from Tanzania visited Humbo, got inspired and began protecting natural regeneration of degraded forests on 18,000 ha. <br />More about World Vision’s activities in future updates. <br /><br /><strong>Re-greening in Mali and Burkina Faso</strong>In Mali many meetings were held locally by all partners at the end last year (in Djenné, Koro, Bandiagara, Mopti) to discuss the results of farmer competitions for best performance in the protection and management of natural regeneration and to plan activities for 2011. Farmers, NGO partners and elected officials participated in those meetings. Looking at the reports they all proposed expanding activities to other areas. <br />The partners in Burkina Faso met mid-March for stocktaking and planning. More details about the activities in both countries in the next update after my visit to both countries (March 26 – April 8).<br /><br /><strong>Re-greening in Niger</strong>As mentioned in the first update, an international workshop was organized in Niamey in January 2011. It was co-organized by the World Agroforestry Centre and African Forest Forum. A key objective was to develop a national strategy for re-greening in Niger. The 100+ participants had lively debates and those who visited re-greening in Maradi and Zinder before the workshop began, were impressed by the scale of re-greening. A report will soon be available. <br />One immediate spinoff of this workshop was that participants from Nigeria wanted to know more about Niger’s re-greening and it is likely that a delegation from Nigeria will visit Southern Niger in 2011 to draw lessons from Niger’s experience.<br /><br /><strong>Re-greening in Ethiopia</strong>As mentioned in update no. 1, the mobilisation of funding for the Ethiopia Re-greening Initiative is a key priority in 2011. A visit to Southern Ethiopia confirmed the importance of agroforestry. Just one example. Travelling the 90 km from Arba Minch to Konso, the importance of Moringa Stenotepala becomes evident and the closer one gets to densely populated Konso with its traditional terraces, the higher the densities of Moringa. Many families depend on this tree for their survival (household consumption and cash income from sale). The fresh leaves are sold in the market for about 4 Birr/kilo (0.18 euro/kilo). Developing a value chain around Moringa offers perspectives. <br /><br /><br /><strong>The Great Green Wall through the Sahara and the Sahel (GGW)</strong>During a meeting in Bonn in the second half of February donor agencies pledged 3 billion $ for the GGW. That’s a major achievement. However, it should be noticed that experience shows that there’s a discrepancy between pledges and disbursements. Farmer-managed re-greening is quickly becoming part of the GGW approach, which is a positive development. <br /><br /><strong>The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)</strong>See update 2011 no.1. IFAD’s legal department is expected to soon sign the project. <br /> <br /><strong>“The man who stopped the desert”</strong>The documentary won the special jury prize of the International Forest Film festival in the USA (www.1080films.co.uk). On March 28, Mark Dodd, who made the documentary about the life of Yacouba Sawadogo, his innovations and impact, will be shown in Ouahigouya (Burkina Faso) to all who participated in the making of the documentary as well as to city officials. <br /><br /><strong>The Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa</strong>In January/February, researchers from VU University Amsterdam, together with partners from World Wide Web Foundation and Sahel Eco – Mali, travelled sixteen days through the Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and North Ghana, exploring local information needs in remote rural areas. The outcomes will be used for development of innovative web services based on voice technologies.<br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tMBPgv66-gs/TZG1mkWv0DI/AAAAAAAAADQ/xqZMhH52YZo/s1600/vrouw%2Buit%2BYameriga%2Bmet%2Bmobieltje.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 287px; height: 320px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tMBPgv66-gs/TZG1mkWv0DI/AAAAAAAAADQ/xqZMhH52YZo/s320/vrouw%2Buit%2BYameriga%2Bmet%2Bmobieltje.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5589448286742237234" /></a><br /><br /><br /><p>Meetings were held with farmers and herders, local radio stations were visited and meetings were held with farmer organisations. Community radio and mobile telephone, apart from word of mouth, are the only sources of information in these remote villages, devoid of electricity, TV or Internet. Radio programs are created in local studios, and continuously broadcasted in various languages. Radio listeners often travel from a distant village, and bring a handwritten message to have it broadcasted for their friends and family. They are ready to pay the radio a fee of 500 francs CFA (less then one euro), a considerable amount in this region. Is the desire to Twitter a universal human trait?<br /><br />Farmers, herders and radio staff shared their thoughts on innovative voice-based information services. It led to a vivid discussion and many original ideas emerged for voice-based services. One farmer suggested some sort of voice "yellow pages" service, which can provide contact details of an expert who will give him tips on how to grow shea trees. <br /><br />Voice-based services may bring new opportunities for people to exchange information about re-greening activities, about prices on the local market, health or legal issues, music and entertainment, local news or anything one can imagine…!! <br /><br /><br />Next update<br /><br />The next update will be produced around mid April. <br /><br />For more information about ARI please contact:<br /><br />Chris Reij<br />Center for Intenational Cooperation<br />VU University Amsterdam<br />Email: cp.reij@cis.vu.nl<br />Tel.: + 31 20 5989097<br />For more information about the Web Alliance for Re-greening in Africa (W4RA), please contact:<br />Anna Bon, ICT Consultant <br />VU University amsterdam <br />Centre for International Cooperation <br />De Boelelaan 1105 <br />1081 HV Amsterdam <br />The Netherlands <br />t + 31 20 5989074 <br />f + 31 20 5989095Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-32256588177187180062010-04-14T16:21:00.007+02:002010-04-14T16:52:24.742+02:00Activity report nr. 3<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S8XSxgE-B7I/AAAAAAAAACY/M12IXKgKnnw/s1600/Koeien.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S8XSxgE-B7I/AAAAAAAAACY/M12IXKgKnnw/s400/Koeien.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460001871122794418" /></a><br /><br /><em>In 2010 food shortages will affect more than 3 million people in Niger (in particular in the Regions of Tahoua, Maradi, Zinder and Diffa). Reason: the 2009 rains arrived late, stopped early and were erratic. People and livestock will depend more heavily on trees and on food aid. A national re-greening program would help increase resilience to drought. </em><br /><p><br />ARI is promoting farmer-managed natural regeneration to support farmers to adapt to climate change, improve household food security and reduce rural poverty. It wants to do so by scaling up existing smaller and bigger successes. It is increasingly urgent to do so, because many more land users in Africa’s drylands risk “falling off the edge” . Business as usual is no longer an option. <br /><br />Some comforting news. Several studies indicate that investing in ecosystem restoration increases production and helps keep people on the land. The village of Ranawa on the northern part of the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso is an interesting example. Due to recurrent drought, land degradation and food shortages, it lost 25% of its population between 1975 and 1985. Since land rehabilitation activities (=ecosystem restoration) began in 1984/85, not a single family has left the village and several families returned from the southwest where they had tried to settle. Between 1985 and 1996 its population doubled. This may be an extreme case, but there is some evidence that the demographic dynamics of villages which invest in their natural resources are different from those in which little or no investments are made. <br /><br />Some highlights since early March <br /><br />1. Another visit to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)<br /><br />The main reason for re-visiting Rome on March 25 and 26, shortly after the panel at IFAD’s Governing Council, was to participate in a meeting about scaling up successes. At the same time the organizers at IFAD created opportunities for presenting results of the Sahel study as well as information about African Re-greening Initiatives and how we try to scale up existing successes.<br />I am working in development cooperation since 1977 and have made quite a few presentations at donor agencies…in particular in the last few years. Reactions to the re-greening initiative tend to be positive. Yet, the presentations at IFAD were a new experience, mainly because of the overwhelmingly positive reactions of participating staff members. <br /><br />The IFAD West and Central Africa Division will have its annual retreat at the end of April. One of the agenda items will most likely be whether or not they will support re-greening activities in the Sahel. They may well do so, because IFAD already has a very successful re-greening project in Niger’s Aguie department and in Burkina Faso they have funded land rehabilitation for 20 years. They can build on experience obtained in several existing projects. <br /> <br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S8XTtmKSDBI/AAAAAAAAACg/PJBfl6Gyq98/s1600/kinderen.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S8XTtmKSDBI/AAAAAAAAACg/PJBfl6Gyq98/s320/kinderen.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460002903547841554" /></a><br /><em>Our challenge is to improve the livelihood perspectives of these Malian children living on the Seno plains. The agroforestry parkland of their village is young and expanding. Protecting and managing natural regeneration is a low-cost, cost effective pathway to agricultural intensification. Also poor farmers can afford it. </em><br /><p><br /><br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S8XUA-Dpp4I/AAAAAAAAACo/UOVba6C313o/s1600/bomen+copy.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S8XUA-Dpp4I/AAAAAAAAACo/UOVba6C313o/s320/bomen+copy.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5460003236379993986" /></a><br /><br /><p><br /><p><br /><p><br /><p><br /><p><br /><br /><br />2. Presentation at “Nederlandse vogelbescherming” (Netherlands Society for the Protection of Birds”<br /><br />Increasing the number of on-farm trees produces multiple impacts….like reducing wind speed and local temperatures, increasing the availability of fodder, firewood, etc. Until now we have overlooked that it also has a positive impact on millions of European songbirds, which migrate to the Sahel to spend the winter in this region. <br /><br />On April 7 a presentation was made to staff of the Netherlands Society for the Protection of Birds. Their intention is to develop significant re-greening action in the Sahel and to submit a proposal to a foundation in the Netherlands. Impact on European birds is a pinoff…improving rural livelihoods is key. I have informed our re-greening coordinators in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger (Mary Allen, Mathieu Ouedraogo and Prof. Toudou) about this development. Mathieu’s reaction was…several farmer innovators are feeding and watering birds in the dry season….because their droppings contain tree seeds and they help control pests.<br /><br />3. Launch of the documentary about Yacouba Sawadogo (“The Man Who Stopped The Desert”) <br /><br />On March 26 the documentary about farmer innovator Yacouba Sawadogo was launched officially in a cinema in Norwich (UK). You can go to www.1080films.co.uk to watch the trailer. The reactions were overwhelmingly positive. Mark Dodd, who made the documentary, is now approaching TV channels to show it.<br /> <br />4. State of the World 2011<br /><br />The Washington-based Worldwatch Institute has a long history of producing annual “State of the World” reports, which are read by policy makers, journalists, farmer organisations and many other stakeholders. We will contribute a chapter to “State of the World 2011”. <br /> <br /><br />5. Developing an International Advisory Group and creating a pool of specialists in re-greening: first steps<br /><br />As mentioned before, African Re-greening Activities is about developing a movement, which is owned by its stakeholders. This movement is growing and will continue to do so. It is important to create an international advisory group composed of national coordinators, external specialists and representatives of funding agencies. Reflection about its composition and tasks has begun. Such an advisory group should meet at least once a year. <br /><br />Because re-greening activities in Africa will increase, it is urgent to begin composing a pool of specialists, who can design new programs, train land users, initiate and participate in national policy dialogue, etc. <br /><br />The national coordinators have been asked for suggestions regarding the composition of the International Advisory Group as well as for the pool of re-greening specialists. <br /> <br />6. What next?<br /><br />During the next four weeks, the main thrust will be on developing a re-greening initiative in Ethiopia. A proposal will be submitted to Adessium Foundation in the Netherlands before the end of May.<br /><br />Important opportunities for advocacy are emerging ....June 1 Davos, June 5 Bonn, June 26 – 28 Cape Town. More about this in the next activity report. <br /><br />But remember…you can all be champions of re-greening.Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-36958747013198342010-02-17T11:58:00.000+01:002010-02-17T12:24:22.068+01:00Latest news from African Re-greening Initiatives<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3vOMBKbcNI/AAAAAAAAAB4/0tSNv0zWTH0/s1600-h/New+re-greening.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 287px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3vOMBKbcNI/AAAAAAAAAB4/0tSNv0zWTH0/s400/New+re-greening.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5439167680845934802" /></a><br /><em>January 29, 2010. Early morning sun over the Seno plains from the escarpment of the Plateau Dogon (Mali). At the foot of the escarpment one finds low tree densities on sand dunes, but beyond that a “sea” of on-farm trees can be seen, which are mostly young. A quick study should be done to look at the scale of this recent re-greening, which is significant.</em><br /><br />Surprises keep emerging also in the beginning of 2010. The conclusion of the last activity report of 2009 was that we begin riding a wave. That’s the case. African Re-greening Initiatives is not about a big project with a cloud of money, but about creating a movement and a process….involving others….We know where we come from, we know where we are, but we do not yet know where this is going to end. <br /><br />Here is some news about the first weeks of 2010.<br /><br />1. Leslie Hill of FINHUMF and José Molina (tourism expert) visited Burkina Faso and Mali in the last week of January. Our re-greening coordinators in both countries participated in the visit. The dynamics observed are considerable. Although funding for the re-greening initiatives in Burkina and Mali became available barely six months ago (June 1, 2009) a movement is already emerging. Discussions with farmers who already protected and managed on-farm natural regeneration, show a great awareness of the multiple benefits of re-greening. <br /><br />2. SahelECO and partners concentrate their activities in the first year on the Mopti region where it can build on earlier work. Meetings were held in three places and in all cases a wide spectrum of partners (non-governmental organisations, technical ministries and elected officials) participated. 10 – 12 organisations participated in each of the meetings. All partners emphasized their interest in promoting farmer-managed natural regeneration and some have mobilized funding from other sources to do so. Three field visits showed the considerable dynamics that the re-greening activities in Mali can tap into and build upon. Adapting national forestry legislation, by removing some ambiguities in it, is regarded a key activity. Informing farmers about the contents of the current legislation and what this means to them is also important. <br /><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3vO0Q8lOnI/AAAAAAAAACA/4Z6S0X8qYtE/s1600-h/Farmers+on+the+Seno+Plains.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 291px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3vO0Q8lOnI/AAAAAAAAACA/4Z6S0X8qYtE/s400/Farmers+on+the+Seno+Plains.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5439168372277590642" /></a><br /><em>Photo 2:Farmers on the Seno plains in Mali have already built tree based production systems on a large scale….and are very aware of the multiple impacts. Their future depends on trees. This photo shows the group exchanging with a farmer. </em><br /><br />3. Although it would be possible to show many pictures of on-farm re-greening in the areas visited, it is good to show here one picture of what is one of the astonishing features of agriculture on Mali’s Dogon Plateau…and unique in Africa. With project support farmers have built the last three decades dozens of small dams across valley floors. This created reservoirs and farmers literally constructed new fields on bare rock along the reservoirs. They collected soil elsewhere, carried it in baskets on their heads to the bare rock....constructed shallow fields on the rock, created a grid pattern in order to irrigate efficiently and produce onions. A narrow green belt snakes through the valleys and in the dry season tens of thousands of tons of shallots are produced and exported to other regions. <br /><br /><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3vO8jJBAuI/AAAAAAAAACI/QL-OtvR3XCg/s1600-h/Irrigation+outside+Sangha.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 295px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3vO8jJBAuI/AAAAAAAAACI/QL-OtvR3XCg/s400/Irrigation+outside+Sangha.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5439168514600534754" /></a><br /><em>Photo 3: Irrigation just outside Sangha on the Dogon Plateau; Most irrigation is by hand, but some pumps are used. Also in this case shallots dominate, but some cabbage and lettuce is also cultivated. (January 27, 2010). </em><br /><br />4. The re-greening initiative in Burkina Faso has selected six provinces for intervention and it is now operational in 103 villages. The initiative collaborates closely with elected officials at the “Commune” level. In different “Communes” areas are demarcated in which villagers will protect and manage natural regeneration. Some of these transects are along major roads, which means that regeneration will be visible to those driving along it. The transect along the main road (Ouagadougou – Dori) on both sides of the village of Banh is about 26 km long and 1 km large. Villagers will be involved in the monitoring and evaluation of regeneration…and researchers will select a sample of transects for the study of regeneration and its impacts.<br /><br /><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3vPGScAusI/AAAAAAAAACQ/ttIEu6YbZdk/s1600-h/Transects+are+demarcated.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 298px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3vPGScAusI/AAAAAAAAACQ/ttIEu6YbZdk/s400/Transects+are+demarcated.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5439168681915497154" /></a><br /><em>Photo 4: transects are demarcated where natural regeneration will be protected and managed by villagers.</em><br /><br />5. In the first week of February partners in the Web Alliance for Regreening Africa (W4RA) met in Ouagadougou to learn from existing experience with the use of ICT in agriculture and to begin the process of designing a 3 year project proposal, which will as soon as possible be submitted for funding. Key challenge is to link internet, rural radio and mobile phones…..to share knowledge and information relevant to re-greening between stakeholders and to create access to this info to all those interested in it wherever they are. <br /><br />6. A two day field visit preceded the workshop to allow all partners to familiarize themselves with field realities. Participants included: Steve Bratt and Stéphane Boyera (World Wide Web Foundation), Prof. Hans Akkermans (Director of the Network Institute of VU University Amsterdam), George Sadowki (Director ICANN) and Prof. Saa Dittoh (University of Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana). <br /><br />If you are interested in more info go to:<br />http://www.webfoundation.org<br /><br />click on regreening in Africa and in text click on “workshop on mobile web for rural development in Burkina Faso 3-4 February”. You will find there the program and the minutes of the workshop. <br /><br />7. Antoine Kalinganire, the Sahel coordinator of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) also participated in the workshop and the opportunity was used to discuss collaboration between the World Agroforestry Centre and African Re-greening Initiatives. Frank Place, economist of ICRAF, also happened to be in Ouagadougou and we discussed designing a research project on the “economic valuation of agroforestry in the Sahel”. Such a research project is highly needed as the multiple benefits of agroforestry in the Sahel continue to be under-estimated. We all agreed it is urgent and Frank Place will design a first draft proposal. <br />8. Good news….IUCN Netherlands is developing and supporting a re-greening initiative in the Sahel and some of our partners have been approached. We will contact IUCN to get more info and to explore possibilities for synergy. <br /><br />9. Our partner Both Ends (www.bothends.org) has just submitted to the Turing Foundation (created by the owners of Tom Tom) a proposal for funding a re-greening initiative in Niger. Funding has been requested for a modest two year program….but as soon as this is up and running we will try to mobilize additional funding. <br /><br />10. Re-greening partners from World Vision in Northern Ghana expressed an interest to visit sites in Burkina Faso and in Mali. This will be arranged.<br /><br />11. A message was received from Mr. Wanga Masakhalia of the Pastoralist Integrated Support Project in Marsabit, Kenya. Mr. Masakhalia is interested to promote re-greening of the Chalbi desert. Two days after rfeceiving this message, I happened to meet Karen Witsenburg of Both Ends….who wrote a PhD with Adano Wario Roha about “Surviving Pastoral Decline: pastoral sedentarisation, natural resource management and livelihood diversification in Marsabit District, Northern Kenya”. One of their findings is that sedentarisation has not led to widespread environmental degradation. My plan is forward the message of Mr. Masakhalia to Adrian Cullis, Karen and Adano and others in our network who are knowledgeable about pastoralism.<br /> <br /><strong>Some upcoming events</strong><br />12. The Governing Council of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) will meet in Rome on February 17 and 18. A panel will be held on February 18 on successes in agriculture and natural resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mary Allen (coordinator re-greening initiative in Mali) and Chris Reij (facilitator ARI) will be on the panel. More about this in next activity report.<br /><br />13. On March 9 and 10 researchers from Columbia University, Stockholm University and VU University Amsterdam will meet in Amsterdam to explore possibilities for creating a consortium to do research on the biophysical and other impacts of re-greening in the Sahel.<br /><br />14. On March 26 the documentary about Yacouba Sawadogo, farmer innovator in Burkina Faso, will be launched in Norwich. Its title: The man who stopped the desert”. <br /><br />“Coming out of the stone age”<br /><br />15. As the Web Alliance for Re-greening Africa will get shape….I will in the course of 2010 begin to stop with sending ARI activity reports to individuals….but the activity reports (as well as other products) will begin to be published on different websites. My ICT colleague just created a blog….on which you can find some of activity reports of 2009….we will gradually upload all old activity reports and publish the new ones on it. <br /><br />For more info….please contact<br /><br />Chris Reij<br />Center for International Cooperation<br />VU University Amsterdam<br />Cp.reij@dienst.vu.nl<br /><br />Or <br /><br />Wendelien Tuyp<br />CIS-VU <br />Wam.Tuyp@dienst.vu.nlChris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-42554456179630368392010-02-12T12:18:00.000+01:002010-02-12T12:56:43.844+01:00African Re-greening in Amsterdam and Washington<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U-tQxZgEI/AAAAAAAAABQ/tdSOV7G0gYI/s1600-h/ARI+TBL.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 197px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U-tQxZgEI/AAAAAAAAABQ/tdSOV7G0gYI/s400/ARI+TBL.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437321072436936770" /></a><br /> <br /><span style="font-style:italic;">From right to left: Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Mathieu Ouedraogo, Yacouba Sawadogo and Chris Reij during a press conference at VU University Amsterdam on October 20, 2009 </span> <br /><br />Some highlights of the remarkable month of October 2009<br /><br />1. The report for September 2009 had stories about the article in Le Monde on August 21, the documentary shown by BBC World about re-greening in Burkina Faso and Mali as well as the short field visit to Burkina by the director of VU Amsterdam’s Network Institute and other VU colleagues to generate ideas for using modern communication techniques to spread info relevant to re-greening. October was a remarkable month, because partners from the Sahel travelled to Amsterdam and to Washington to inform very different audiences about their experience with farmer-managed natural regeneration. <br /><br />Mathieu Ouedraogo and Yacouba Sawadogo in Amsterdam at the occasion of a honorary doctorate for Sir Tim Berners-Lee<br /><br />2. Twenty years ago Sir Tim Berners-Lee, who works at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology of Harvard University, invented the world-wide-web, which caused a global revolution in communication. On October 20 VU University awarded him an honorary doctorate for it. Sir Tim has recently created the World Wide Web Foundation, which recognizes that 1.5 billion people have access to the net, but 4.5 billion people still don’t have access. A major objective of the WWW Foundation is to increase access and the first project selected is the African Re-greening Initiative. This new project is called W4RA or Web alliance For Re-greening Africa. It combines our African partners with the WWW Foundation, the (interdisciplinary) Network Institute and the Center for International Cooperation of VU University. A workshop will be held in Burkina Faso in the first week of February 2010 with all partners to develop a proposal. <br /><br />3. On the morning of October 20, a symposium was held at VU University on “The World Wide Web and Social Development” in which Sir Tim looked at the future of the WWW. This was followed by presentations by two key persons of the WWW Foundation, Steve Bratt and Stéphane Boyera. The second half of the morning’s program was about the scale and impacts of re-greening, about how to build on current successes and the role modern communication technologies can play in this process. Before the coffee break the trailer was shown of the documentary by Mark Dodd about the life of Yacouba Sawadogo “The Man Who Stopped the Desert”. It resonated well with the 300 participants. It put Yacouba’s life and work into perspective. Subsequently, Mathieu and Chris got 45 minutes to present the African Re-greening Initiatives and the Chair of the Board closed the symposium with a short speech expressing his support. This was immediately followed by a press conference and several Dutch newspapers wrote the next day about the achievements of Sir Tim Berners-Lee, but also mentioned Yacouba and his impact on land rehabilitation in the Sahel. <br /><br />4. With Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Bratt, Stéphane Boyera, Prof. Hans Akkermans (Director VU Network institute) and his colleagues, we have new and formidable partners for the African Re-greening Initiatives. The many positive reactions of staff of the Faculty of Science involved in the Network Institute as well as of the Board of VU University, were very encouraging. <br /> <br /><br />Washington “The Other Green revolution: How farmers reclaimed the desert to create an agricultural future for Africa”<br /><br />5. The Obama administration is developing a “Global Food Security Policy” and will invest about 3.5 billion dollars in it. This initiative is subjected to considerable pressure to develop a conventional package: chemical fertilizers, new seeds, irrigation, mechanization, etc. OXFAM America decided that it would be useful to insert some other ideas into the debate and invited a delegation from the Sahel to Washington to tell about the scale and the impacts of investments in natural resource management during the last 20 to 30 years. The delegation from the Sahel was composed as follows:<br /><br />Mr. Issa Martin Bikienga Deputy Executive Secretary of the Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) <br />Ms. Edwige Botoni (CILSS)<br />Mr. Mahamane Larwanou (African Forest Forum)<br />Ms. Sakina Mati (organizes women in six villages in Niger’s Aguié department around farmer-managed natural regeneration)<br />Mr. Mathieu Ouedraogo (coordinator Burkina Re-greening Initiative).<br />Mr. Yacouba Sawadogo (farmer innovator Burkina Faso)<br />and the undersigned…(facilitator African Re-greening Initiatives)<br /><br />Mark Dodd and his crew accompanied the activities in Amsterdam and in Washington to finalize the one hour documentary about Yacouba. <br /> <br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U-zNp0ngI/AAAAAAAAABY/Pnkb1lN1c_U/s1600-h/ari+congress.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 308px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U-zNp0ngI/AAAAAAAAABY/Pnkb1lN1c_U/s400/ari+congress.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437321174679068162" /></a> <br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">The Sahel delegation on the steps of Lincoln Memorial. From Left to right Sakina Mati, Yacouba Sawadogo, Chris Reij, Edwige botoni, Issa Martin Bikienga, Mahamane Larwanou and Mathieu Ouedraogo</span><br />Let’s briefly look at some of the key events:<br /><br />6. Presentation at Capitol Hill in the room of the Committee on Foreign Affairs to about 30 staffers of members of Congress (October 27). These staffers are the eyes and ears of Congress members. Both Yacouba Sawadogo and Sakina Mati (below right) made excellent short statements about the impacts of their work.<br /> <br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U-6Ye7KrI/AAAAAAAAABg/BIwPP2gKCpo/s1600-h/ari+white+house.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 295px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U-6Ye7KrI/AAAAAAAAABg/BIwPP2gKCpo/s400/ari+white+house.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437321297845234354" /></a><br /> <br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Just before the presentation in the Rayburn Building at Capitol Hill. From left to right: Mathieu, Chris, Edwige, Larwanou, and Sakina.</span><br /><br />7. Presentations at World Wildlife Fund on October 28 by Mahamane Larwanou and Issa Martin Bikienga. About 30 participants. They made impact. <br /><br />8. The major event was on October 29 in the Ronald Reagan Building. Three panels about the theme “The Other Green Revolution: Farmer-Managed, Agro-Environmental Transformation in the Sahel”. About 150 participants. Key note speaker: Mr. Franklin Moore, who is Deputy Assistant Administrator for Africa and the Obama Administration’s Global Food security Coordinator. Three panels: 1. Voices from the Sahel; 2. Practitioner’s Insights into the Obama Administration’s Global Food Security Initiative and 3. US Policy and The Other Green Revolution.<br /><br />9. The reactions were overwhelmingly positive. It is of course not possible to predict whether the presentations will have an impact on the contents of the Global Food Security Initiative. The political pressures for a conventional approach are big. To use a biblical parallel, ee are like David against Goliath. However, the reactions of various USAID staffers were such that we may hope that USAID will get involved in the promotion of farmer-managed natural regeneration.<br /><br />10. The key message that we all hammered on was….by protecting and managing natural resources in general, and on-farm natural regeneration in particular, you not only help farmers to adapt to climate change, you also help increase food production and reduce rural poverty. Trees are the backbone in this process.<br /><br />11. A lunch presentation at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) with about 100 participants. Also here…the message fell on fertile ground. If you like to watch the presentations we made at IFPRI…go to: http://www.youtube.com/ifpri and go to Other Green Revolution. Worthwhile to also quickly look at the one minute trailer on Millions-Fed: Provcn Successes. Or go to: http://www.ifpri.org/event/other-green-revolution<br /> <br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3VAuSmvFnI/AAAAAAAAABw/SbwEBTeqxMU/s1600-h/ari+yacouba.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 213px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3VAuSmvFnI/AAAAAAAAABw/SbwEBTeqxMU/s400/ari+yacouba.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437323289132209778" /></a><br /> <br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">From left to right: Yacouba Sawadogo, Rajul Pandya-Lorch (IFPRI’s Head of the Vision 2020 program) and Sakina Mati. </span><br /><br />12. Other activities in Washington? Meetings with journalists (Washington Post, Bloomberg, Reuters….all.africa.com). It should be mentioned here that Gray Tappan of the US Geological Survey and our key remote sensing specialist joined us on October 28 during the presentation at World Wildlife Fund and before leaving Washington Gray Tappan and Mahamane Larwanou were interviewed by the National Public Radio (NPR) and this interview will be broadcast several times on NPR during the month of November. Gray Tappan has recently been diverted to coastal West Africa, but we need him back in the Sahel heartland for baseline studies as well as for the monitoring of changes in land use and vegetation <br /><br />13. A reception offered by the Embassy of Burkina Faso allowing informal meetings with the Ambassador of Burkina Faso (H. E. Dr. Ernest Yonli) and the Ambassador of Niger (H.E. Mrs. Toure A.D. Maiga). The Ambassador of Burkina Faso in Washington was many years Burkina’s Prime Minister until a year ago. <br /><br />14. OXFAM America managed to arrange a tourist visit to the White House, which was not easy as this has to be formalized well in advance. I had a slight moment of panic when Yacouba wanted to rest and sat down on an early 19th century chair, which looked a bit fragile, but it ended well. <br /><br />15. In terms of advocacy and partnership building, October was an extraordinary month. Our friends and colleagues from the Sahel did an extraordinary job. We want to express our strong appreciation to Melinda Smale and her colleagues of OXFAM America as well as to Aimée Niane of IFPRI, who moved mountains of work to get the Sahel delegation to Washington and to organize the program. How Yacouba and Sakina managed to get their messages across during the formal presentations with the support of respectively Issa Martin Bikienga and Mahamane Larwanou….. was a miracle. They even did not seem to nervous !! <br /><br />16. This is not going to be the end of the story. We will try to monitor the impact of this visit to Washington and brief you about it in the next activity reports. <br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3VApL3YgQI/AAAAAAAAABo/NGGtK7t_-d8/s1600-h/ari+mark+dodd.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 249px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3VApL3YgQI/AAAAAAAAABo/NGGtK7t_-d8/s400/ari+mark+dodd.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437323201423638786" /></a><br /> <br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;">Mark Dodd (center), Ashley Norton (left) and Mariam Arnett (interviews…not on this photo) <br />at Capitol Hill. The documentary about Yacouba will be finalized early 2010. </span> <br /><br /><br />17. Much more happened in October. For instance, Dr. Laurent Sedogo, Burkina’s Minister of Agriculture made a presentation in Iowa at the event of the World Food Prize; Dr.Dennis Garrity, the DG of the World Agroforestry Center, visited the Zinder region in Niger; a meeting with the Adessium Foundation in the Netherlands and their decision to support the preparation of an Ethiopia Re-greening Initiative. More about this in the next activity report.<br /><br />18. I like to end this activity report on a personal note, which is a bit unusual, but it’s a nice story. Of course, it is motivating to present the African Re-greening Initiatives to very different audiences, to tell about the scale and multiple impacts of re-greening and to paint a picture of Africa that is quite the opposite of the perceptions that most people have about Africa. After my presentation in the second panel on October 29, I got off the stairs of the podium, a young African woman (from Namibia) walked up to me…and said “I feel so encouraged by your story, allow me to hug you”. She did not wait for an answer…and gave me two big hugs in the middle of that big meeting room. Well….that never happened before. It demonstrates that all of us have a story to tell that inspires and shows that it is possible to improve the livelihoods of millions of Africans living at the edge in drought-prone regions. <br /><br />Amsterdam<br />9 November 2009Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3806887156972328506.post-65585267883348233482010-02-12T12:04:00.000+01:002010-02-12T12:36:21.937+01:00African Re-greening activities September 2009<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U3plTKLiI/AAAAAAAAAAw/kFBPzaYXU9A/s1600-h/blog1.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U3plTKLiI/AAAAAAAAAAw/kFBPzaYXU9A/s400/blog1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437313312646376994" /></a><br /><br /> This picture was taken on September 27, 2009 in the Yatenga region of Burkina Faso. These are the fields of Ousséni Kindo. These fields were barren in 1985. Mr. Kindo is what is called a precision farmer. He treats each niche of his fields differently and has developed a system of conservation farming with numerous trees. He will get an excellent harvest this year. His son controls the grazing of cattle. <br /> <br /><br />Some highlights of the last 30 days<br /><br /><br />GENERAL<br /><br />1. In the third week of September, BBC World showed the documentary on re-greening in Burkina and Mali 4 or 5 times. The information reached us a bit late. None of us has been able to watch. However, the Earth reports of BBC World are viewed by about 250 million people all over the world…so the message is spreading. Mathieu Ouedraogo and Mary Allen, our coordinators in Burkina and Mali, play a key role in this documentary. The producers will send a DVD. We’ll explore the costs of making a French version of this documentary. <br /><br />2. Had a brief discussion on skype with Peter Weston of World Vision Australia about a strategy for developing re-greening initiatives in Africa. This will be given a follow-up in the near future. My assessment is that building tree-based production systems will more easily find funding. Reason is that it is the only low cost way for farmers to sustainably intensify agriculture and at the same time adapt to climate change. Our challenge is to develop proposals as well as to develop the organisational capacity in different countries to implement these proposals. The continuing food (prize) crisis and the growing attention for adaptation to climate change will give us wind in the back.<br /> <br />3. Just a remark….our current knowledge of what farmers have already done to develop tree based production systems (agroforestry) is largely insufficient. We know about a number of cases, but much remains to be uncovered. Two years ago I travelled the road between Koutiala and San in Mali….and was impressed by the natural regeneration in the agroforestry parkland. Who has analyzed this case ? We still need a more systematic effort to identify and analyze existing successes upon which we can build !!! <br /><br /><br />NIGER<br /><br />4. At present Dr. Dennis Garrity, the Director General of the World Agroforestry Center, is travelling in Niger’s Zinder Region (October 5 – 9), to look himself at the large-scale on-farm re-greening. From Niger he will continue to Burkina Faso and Mali. Our colleague Mahamane Larwanou of the African Forest Forum acts as guide and Antoine Kalinganire of the Sahel program of the World Agroforestry Center is also part of this mission. Will try to update you in the next activity report.<br /> <br />5. CARE Denmark is funding a new project on farmer-managed natural regeneration in the southern part of the Maradi region (Niger).<br /><br />6. Prof. Toudou has developed a first draft for a Niger proposal, which will be submitted by Both Ends to the Turing Foundation <br /> <br /><br />BURKINA FASO AND MALI<br /><br />7. The partners of the re-greening initiatives in Burkina Faso and Mali met on September 25 and 26 in Gourcy to discuss monitoring and evaluation as well as project implementation. What is going to be monitored, how and by whom? Réseau MARP will develop a system for self-monitoring by farmers. All agreed that establishing a good baseline situation is vital.<br /><br />8. On this occasion, partnership contracts were signed between VU University Amsterdam and Reseau MARP and with SahelECO. There was excellent chemistry between all participants and a shared vision of the importance of promoting tree-based production systems in the Sahel.<br /><br />9. On October 2, Mathieu Ouedraogo and Chris Reij had a 40 minute meeting with Dr. Laurent Sedogo, the Minister of Agriculture. Objective: brief him about the re-greening initiative and propose the organisation of an information session for key staff of the three ministries (agriculture, environment, livestock) and the directors of major agricultural development projects. The minister agreed and a date will soon be set. This may lead to mainstreaming of agroforestry in the major projects.<br /><br />ETHIOPIA<br /><br />10. Adessium Foundation is willing to fund the preparation of a re-greening initiative in Ethiopia. A meeting with Adessium Foundation will take place on October 13. This is very good news. Whether they will fund the initiative depends of course on their evaluation of the final proposal. More info in the next activity report.<br /><br />W4RA (Web for Re-greening in Africa) <br /><br />11. This is the likely title of a new project to be developed by the Network Institute of VU University and the Web Foundation. As mentioned in the previous activity report, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the world-wide-web, will receive on October 20, a honorary doctorate of VU University. The new project will be developed around this honorary doctorate. This new project will be built around the African Re-greening Initiatives and its sister project SCI-SLM (Supporting Community initiatives in Sustainable Land Management). <br /><br />12. From September 26 – 29, a fact-finding mission took place in Burkina; Objective: generate ideas for the new project. Participants in this mission: Prof. Akkermans, Director of the Network Institute, ICT colleague Anna Bon, communication specialist Wendelien Tuyp, Chris Reij (all VU University) and Prof. Saa Dittoh (University of development Studies, Tamale, Ghana). Adama Belemvire and Mathieu Ouedraogo participated in a meeting in Ouagadougou.<br /><br />13. This fact-finding mission did the following:<br /><br />- A meeting with the elders of the village of Ranawa about how they use mobile phones. Each of the 160 families in this village has at least one member with a mobile phone. What they use them for…how they recharge batteries in a village without electricity….how they recharge their credits.<br /><br />- A visit to the fields of Ousseni Kindo and Yacouba Sawadogo.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U4NUvyVvI/AAAAAAAAABA/WQmHYJo049w/s1600-h/web4+RA+team+in+Burkina.JPG"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U4NUvyVvI/AAAAAAAAABA/WQmHYJo049w/s400/web4+RA+team+in+Burkina.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437313926678337266" /></a><br /><br /> <br />From left to right: Ouesseni Kindo, Mathieu Ouedraogo, Wendelien Tuyp, Anna Bon, Hans Akkermans and Saa Dittoh. They are standing on barren soil. This is what the field in the background was like in 1985.<br /><br />- A visit to two cyber cafés in Ouahigouya.<br />- A meeting with the radio station “Voice of the Farmer” in Ouahigouya. Chris was after the meeting immediately drawn into the studio for a live interview.<br />- A visit to the mayor of Ouahigouya to draw his attention to the forest created by Yacouba Sawadogo and the threats to this forest.<br />- A meeting with the telecom company Zain (Celtel) in Ouagadougou. They have 1.5 million subscribers. Zain is interested in the re-greening initiative (corporate responsibility). It is possible, for instance, to craft short messages about trees and send these to all 1.5 million subscribers. <br /><br /><br />14. The key challenge is…how can we use all modern means of communication to share and spread info relevant to re-greening initiatives (from on-farm natural regeneration to community-based forest management). A workshop will be organized early in 2010 which will involve more partners. The Network Institute and the Web Foundation will mobilize funding for W4RA. One thing is obvious….relevant educational material will be collected and developed and put on a new website. Youth and women will get specific attention.<br /> <br /><br />Upcoming events<br /><br />15. On October 20, a symposium will be held at VU University on The World Wide Web abd Social Development (see www.vu.nl/dies2009). Speakers: Hans Akkermans, Tim Berners-Lee (The World Wide Web – Humanity Connected)….Mathieu Ouedraogo and Chris Reij will have 50 minutes !!!! to present “Regreening Africa’s Drylands”. Interesting challenge. At this symposium the trailer will be shown “The man who stopped the desert”. This is about Yacouba Sawadogo, our farmer innovator from the Yatenga. He will be a guest of honour at this symposium. Mark Dodd, the documentary maker will be there to film and he will also be in Washington to finalize the documentary (see next point). <br /><br />16. As also mentioned in the previous activity report, OXFAM America and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly organize a public panel on “Greening the Sahel”. It promises to become a big event. More in the next activity report, which you can expect just before mid-November…or earlier if there is groundbreaking news.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U37mCQDFI/AAAAAAAAAA4/qo6BJlDjzOo/s1600-h/blog2.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_-Igk44B7-rI/S3U37mCQDFI/AAAAAAAAAA4/qo6BJlDjzOo/s320/blog2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5437313622081539154" /></a><br /> <br /><br />The invention of Tim Berners Lee triggered a booming cybercafe business in Ouagadougou and elsewhere. Watch the interesting name of this cybercafé in Ouagadougou. <br /><br />Chris Reij<br />Center for International Cooperation,<br />VU University Amsterdam<br /><br />Tel. + 31 20 5989090<br />E: cp.reij@dienst.vu.nl or c.reij@chello.nl<br /><br />October 7, 2009Chris Reijhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09000161354718437471noreply@blogger.com1